Table 3.
Adjusted comparisons of echocardiographic characteristics in healthy controls and COVID-19 patients.
| COVID-19 patients | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Control (n = 31) | All patients (n = 128) | P-value | General (n = 41) | Severe (n = 58) | Critical (n = 29) | P-value |
| Left chamber | |||||||
| LA, mm | 34.1 (32.2, 35.9) | 34.2(33.4, 35.0) | 0.890 | 33.6 (32.1, 35.0) | 34.4 (33.2, 35.6) | 35.2 (33.4, 36.9) | 0.378 |
| LV, mm | 46.4 (44.7, 48.1) | 45.9 (45.2, 46.7) | 0.651 | 45.0 (43.7, 46.3) | 46.6 (45.5, 47.6) | 45.3 (43.8, 46.8) | 0.122 |
| IVST, mm | 9.0 (8.6, 9.5) | 9.6 (9.4, 9.8) | 0.036 | 9.7 (9.3, 10.1) | 9.7 (9.4, 10.1) | 9.3 (8.9, 9.8) | 0.319 |
| Mitral valve | |||||||
| E/A | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.785 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.199 |
| E/e' | 9.0 (7.8, 10.2) | 8.7 (8.2, 9.2) | 0.623 | 7.7 (6.8, 8.6) | 9.2 (8.5, 10.0)* | 10.0 (8.8, 11.1)* | 0.007 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 30.8 (26.5, 35.1) | 34.6 (32.7, 36.6) | 0.128 | 33.0 (29.5, 36.5) | 35.6 (32.8, 38.4) | 32.7 (28.6, 36.9) | 0.396 |
| LVEDVI, mL/m2 | 49.3 (42.9, 55.8) | 55.2 (52.3, 58.1) | 0.124 | 51.3 (46.3, 56.3) | 57.1 (53.0, 61.2) | 53.4 (47.3, 59.5) | 0.193 |
| LVESVI, mL/m2 | 15.1 (12.3, 18.0) | 20.4 (19.2, 21.7) | 0.002 | 18.3 (16.0, 20.6) | 21.5 (19.6, 23.4) | 19.4 (16.7, 22.2) | 0.097 |
| LVEF, % | 68.6 (66.1, 71.1) | 63.3 (62.2, 64.4) | <0.001 | 64.4 (62.3, 66.4) | 62.6 (60.9, 64.3) | 63.8 (61.3, 66.3) | 0.386 |
| Right chamber | |||||||
| RA, mm | 36.1 (34.4, 37.9) | 35.3 (34.5, 36.1) | 0.430 | 34.8 (33.6, 36.0) | 34.4 (33.3, 35.4) | 37.6 (36.1, 39.1)*# | 0.003 |
| RV, mm | 32.5(30.9, 34.1) | 34.1 (33.4, 34.8) | 0.081 | 33.5 (32.4, 34.7) | 33.4 (32.4, 34.4) | 35.6 (34.2, 37.1)# | 0.031 |
| PA, mm | 23.6 (22.5, 24.8) | 23.3 (22.8, 23.8) | 0.618 | 22.1 (21.3, 22.9) | 23.6 (22.9, 24.2)* | 24.8 (23.8, 25.8)* | <0.001 |
| Tricuspid valve | |||||||
| E/A | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 0.011 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.371 |
| E/e' | 5.2 (4.4, 6.0) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.6) | 0.906 | 5.3 (4.6, 5.9) | 4.9 (4.4, 5.4) | 5.7 (5.0, 6.4) | 0.199 |
| TAPSE, mm | 23.6 (22.1, 25.1) | 23.0 (22.3, 23.6) | 0.467 | 23.0 (21.8, 24.2) | 23.1 (22.1,24.1) | 22.1 (20.7, 23.6) | 0.544 |
| S′, cm/s | 13.4 (12.2, 14.5) | 13.9 (13.4, 14.4) | 0.438 | 13.1 (12.2, 14.0) | 14.2 (13.5,15.0) | 15.1 (14.0, 16.2)* | 0.019 |
| RVFAC, % | 50.1 (47.9, 52.3) | 46.7 (45.7, 47.7) | 0.010 | 48.2 (46.5, 49.9) | 46.9 (45.5,48.3) | 43.0 (40.9, 45.0)*# | 0.001 |
| PASP, mmHg | / | 33.3 (30.1, 36.4) | / | 27.0 (22.3, 31.8) | 31.1 (27.2,35.0) | 43.6 (38.5, 48.7)*# | <0.001 |
| PH, n (%) | / | 18 (14.1) | / | 1 (2.4) | 4 (6.9) | 13 (44.8)*# | <0.001 |
| 2D-STE parameter | |||||||
| RVFWLS, % | −26.0 (−24.0, −28.0) | −23.2 (−22.4, −24.1) | 0.021 | −23.9 (−22.5, −25.2) | −24.2 (−23.1, −25.4) | −19.1 (−17.4, −20.8)*# | <0.001 |
| 3DE parameters | |||||||
| RVEDVI, mL/m2 | 57.6 (53.7, 62.5) | 62.5 (60.4, 64.6) | 0.092 | 59.6 (56.1, 63.0) | 60.7 (57.9, 63.6) | 67.1 (62.9, 71.3)*# | 0.019 |
| RVESVI, mL/m2 | 27.1 (23.9,30.2) | 32.2 (30.9, 33.6) | 0.006 | 29.2 (27.1, 31.3) | 31.0 (29.3, 32.8) | 37.9 (35.3, 40.5)*# | <0.001 |
| RVEF, % | 52.7 (50.3, 55.0) | 48.7 (47.7, 49.7) | 0.004 | 51.2 (49.7, 52.8) | 48.9 (47.6, 50.2) | 43.6 (41.7, 45.5)*# | <0.001 |
Data were mean (95% CI).
P < 0.05, vs. general group;
P < 0.05, vs. severe group.
FAC, right ventricular fractional area change; IVST, interventricular septum thickness; LA, left atrial diameter; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LV, left ventricular anteroposterior diameter; LVEDVI, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVI, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; EF, ejection fraction; PA, pulmonary artery diameter; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RA, right atrial diameter; RV, right ventricular diameter; RVEDVI, right ventricular end-diastolic volume index; RVESVI, right ventricular end-systolic volume index; RVFWLS, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S′, pulsed doppler peak velocity at the tricuspid lateral annulus; STE, speckle tracking echocardiography; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; 2D, two-dimensional; 3DE, three-dimensional echocardiography. Comparison of COVID-19 patients and controls adjusted for age, heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Comparison of COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness adjusted for sex and body surface area.