Table 4.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors.
| Variables | Survivors (n = 110) | Non-survivors (n = 18) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 61 ± 13 | 66 ± 12 | 0.106 |
| Male, n (%) | 48 (43.6) | 13 (72.2) | 0.024 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 86 (80, 99) | 90 (79, 114) | 0.541 |
| Respiratory rate, times/min | 22 (20, 30) | 30 (22, 36) | 0.009 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130 (120, 140) | 131 (119, 151) | 0.790 |
| DBP, mmHg | 80 (73, 89) | 79 (72, 81) | 0.296 |
| OI, mmHg | 300.0 (217.4, 340.0) | 195.1 (160.6, 240.2) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 42 (38.2) | 10 (55.6) | 0.164 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 16 (14.5) | 2 (11.1) | 1.000 |
| Cardiac disease, n (%) | 13 (11.8) | 5 (27.8) | 0.134 |
| COPD, n (%) | 5 (4.5) | 2 (11.1) | 0.255 |
| Chronic liver diseases, n (%) | 4 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 7 (6.4) | 2 (11.1) | 0.613 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 6 (5.5) | 1 (5.6) | 1.000 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| White blood cell × 109/L | 6.2 (4.8, 8.9) | 10.1 (7.2, 11.2) | 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count × 109/L | 1.07 (0.70, 1.47) | 0.45 (0.25, 0.69) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 20.9 (2.9, 53.1) | 79.1 (49.0, 129.9) | <0.001 |
| PCT, ng/ml | 0.07 (0.04, 0.16) | 0.22 (0.09, 0.44) | 0.001 |
| D-dimer, mg/L | 1.4 (0.5, 5.6) | 2.2 (0.9, 8.0) | 0.067 |
| hs-TNI, ng/mL | 3.3 (1.6, 8.7) | 40.2 (17.4, 464.2) | <0.001 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 11.0 (8.0, 18.0) | 21.0 (11.8, 35.3) | 0.005 |
| BNP, pg/ml | 35.0 (10.0, 107.2) | 207.4 (110.4, 525.2) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 63.8 (53.5, 79.9) | 72.7 (52.9, 87.0) | 0.196 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | |||
| Left chamber | |||
| LA, mm | 34.2 ± 4.5 | 35.1 ± 5.9 | 0.536 |
| LV, mm | 45.9 ± 4.3 | 45.0 ± 4.0 | 0.399 |
| IVST, mm | 9.7 ± 1.2 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 0.592 |
| Mitral valve | |||
| E/A | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.663 |
| E/e' | 8.9 ± 3.0 | 9.6 ± 2.8 | 0.198 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 34.3 ± 10.2 | 33.5 ± 11.7 | 0.696 |
| LVEDVI, mL/m2 | 54.9 ± 16.4 | 51.6 ± 11.9 | 0.500 |
| LVESVI, mL/m2 | 20.3 ± 7.4 | 18.3 ± 6.2 | 0.349 |
| LVEF, % | 63.1 ± 6.1 | 64.9 ± 6.8 | 0.280 |
| Right chamber | |||
| RA, mm | 34.8 ± 3.6 | 38.2 ± 6.3 | 0.039 |
| RV, mm | 33.6 ± 3.7 | 36.3 ± 4.8 | 0.022 |
| PA, mm | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 25.0 ± 2.9 | 0.010 |
| Tricuspid valve | |||
| E/A | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.039 |
| E/e' | 5.2 ± 1.8 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 0.173 |
| TAPSE, mm | 22.9 ± 3.8 | 22.3 ± 3.8 | 0.534 |
| S′, cm/s | 13.9 ± 2.6 | 15.1 ± 4.3 | 0.394 |
| RVFAC, % | 47.2 ± 5.2 | 41.6 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| PASP, mmHg | 30.3 ± 9.6 | 45.7 ± 16.7 | 0.003 |
| PH, n (%) | 9 (8.2) | 9 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| RVFWLS, % | −23.7 ± 4.6 | −18.3 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| RVEDVI, mL/m2 | 61.1 ± 11.3 | 66.4 ± 12.2 | 0.070 |
| RVESVI, mL/m2 | 30.7 ± 6.6 | 39.8 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
| RVEF, % | 49.8 ± 4.8 | 40.4 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
Data were mean ± SD, or n (%). BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CK-MB, creatine kinase muscle-brain; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FAC, right ventricular fractional area change; hs-TNI, high-sensitivity troponin I; IVST, interventricular septum thickness; LA, left atrial diameter; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LV, left ventricular anteroposterior diameter; LVEDVI, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVI, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; EF, ejection fraction; PA, pulmonary artery diameter; OI, oxygenation index; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PCT, procalcitonin; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RA, right atrial diameter; RV, right ventricular diameter; RVEDVI, right ventricular end-diastolic volume index; RVESVI, right ventricular end-systolic volume index; RVFWLS, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S′, pulsed doppler peak velocity at the tricuspid lateral annulus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; STE, speckle tracking echocardiography; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; 2D, two-dimensional; 3DE, three-dimensional echocardiography.