Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate COX proportional hazard models for predicting death of COVID-19 patients.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline model 1 | Model 2 with RVFAC | Model 3 with RVFWLS | Model 4 with 3DRVEF | |||||||
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age > 65 years | 1.862 (0.735, 4.719) |
0.190 | ||||||||
| Male | 3.164 (1.128, 8.877) |
0.029 | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 1.883 (0.743, 4.771) |
0.182 | ||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.722 (0.166, 3.142 |
0.665 | ||||||||
| Cardiac disease | 2.578 (0.919, 7.234) |
0.072 | ||||||||
| COPD | 2.573 (0.591, 11.199) |
0.208 | ||||||||
| Malignancy | 1.789 (0.411, 7.786) |
0.438 | ||||||||
| D-dimer, mg/L | 1.106 (0.961, 1.272) |
0.159 | ||||||||
| Acute cardiac injury | 7.119 (2.756, 18.387) |
<0.001 | 5.410 (2.084, 14.047) |
0.001 | 3.981 (1.472, 10.765) |
0.006 | 3.209 (1.129, 9.120) |
0.029 | 3.223 (1.230, 8.446) |
0.017 |
| ARDS | 33.437 (4.446, 251.447) |
<0.001 | 28.102 (3.721, 212.250) |
0.001 | 17.994 (2.302, 140.660) |
0.006 | 17.550 (2.229, 138.179) |
0.007 | 9.404 (1.119, 79.064) |
0.039 |
| LVEF, %* | 1.045 (0.964, 1.133) |
0.288 | ||||||||
| TAPSE, mm* | 0.959 (0.849, 1.083) |
0.498 | ||||||||
| S', cm/s* | 1.130 (0.973, 1.313) |
0.108 | ||||||||
| PH | 7.564 (2.990, 19.136) |
<0.001 | ||||||||
| RVFAC, %* | 0.794 (0.710, 0.889) |
<0.001 | 0.874 (0.768, 0.996) |
0.043 | ||||||
| RVFWLS, %* | 1.401 (1.202, 1.633) |
<0.001 | 1.180 (1.008, 1.381) |
0.039 | ||||||
| RVEF, %* | 0.761 (0.705, 0.822) |
<0.001 | 0.809 (0.735, 0.889) |
<0.001 | ||||||
*
Per 1 unit increase. ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio; PH, pulmonary hypertension; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; RVFWLS, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RVEF, right ventricular ejection fraction.