Table 2.
The HPSD RF ablation settings and lesion endpoint in published clinical studies.
| Study | Study type | Sample size | AF type | Catheter type | High power and dwell time | Contact force | Irrigation flow rate | Lesion endpoint | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anterior wall | Posterior wall | ||||||||
| Bunch et al. [21] | Controlled study | 804 | PAF and PsAF | Force-sensing catheter and non-force-sensing catheter | 50 W/5–15s | 50 W/2–5 s | 5-2 g | 30 ml/min | Local electrogram and dwell time |
| Winkle et al. [22] | Cohort study | 1,250 | PAF and PsAF and long-standing AF | Force-sensing catheter | 50 W | 50 W | 10–40 g | — | Impedance drop, loss of pacing capture, and LSI |
| Chen et al. [23] | Cohort study | 50 | PAF and PsAF | STSF catheter | 50 W | 50 W | Minimum force 3 g | 20 ml/min | AI |
| Vassallo et al. [24] | Controlled study | 76 | PAF and PsAF | Force-sensing catheter | 50 W/6-8 s | 45 W/6-8 s | 10–20g(anterior)/5–10g(posterior) | 35 ml/min | Impedance drop |
| Okamatsu et al. [25] | Controlled study | 60 | PAF and PsAF | STSF catheter | 50 W | 40 W | Minimum force 3g | — | AI |
| Berte et al. [26] | Controlled study | 174 | PAF and PsAF | STSF catheter | 45 W | 35 W | — | 15 ml/min | AI |
| Kottmaier et al. [27] | Controlled study | 197 | PAF | Flexibility SE catheter | 70 W/7 s | 70 W/5 s | — | 20 ml/min | Power and dwell time |
| Reddy et al. [28] | Cohort study | 52 | PAF | STSF catheter | 90 W/4 s | 90 W/4s | 5–30 g | 8 ml/min | Power and dwell time |
| Pambrun et al. [29] | Controlled study | 100 | PAF | Force-sensing catheter | 50 W | 40 W | Minimum force 10 g | — | Unipolar signal modification |
| Castrejón-Castrejón et al. [30] | Controlled study | 95 | PAF and PsAF | Force-sensing catheter | 50–60 W | 50–60 W | 10 g | — | AI/LSI |
| Ejima et al. [31] | Controlled study | 120 | PAF | STSF catheter | 50 W | 50 W | 10g | — | Unipolar signal modification |
| Yazaki et al. [32] | Controlled study | 64 | PAF | STSF catheter | 50 W | 50 W | — | — | Unipolar signal modification and dwell time |
| Yavin et al. [33] | Controlled study | 224 | PAF and PsAF | STSF catheter | 45–50/15 s | 45–50/8s | — | 17 ml/min | Impedance drop |
| Ücer et al. [35] | Cohort study | 25 | PAF and PsAF | STSF catheter | 50 | 50/6–10 s | 10–15 g (posterior)/15–20 g (anterior) | 15 | Power and dwell time |
| Shin et al. [34] | RCT | 150 | PAF and PsAF | STSF catheter | 50 | 50 | 20g | 15 | Power and dwell time |
AI: ablation index; AF: atrial fibrillation; LSI: lesion size index; PAF: paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PsAF: persistent atrial fibrillation; RF: radiofrequency; STSF : SmartTouch surround flow.