Table 3.

Flow disruption taxonomy.

Category	Description	Examples
Communication	Any miscommunication that impacts surgery progress	Repeat information, misunderstanding, irrelevant conversation
Coordination	Any lapse in teamwork to prepare for or conduct surgery that affects surgery flow	Equipment adjustment or reposition, personnel rotation, personnel unavailable, lack of knowledge
Equipment	Any equipment issue that affects surgery progress	Robot inoperative, equipment or /instrument inoperative, suture issues, insufflation problems
Environment	Any room conditions that impact surgery progress	Outlet positioning, untangling wires and tubing, architectural design, lighting, noise
External factors	Any interruption that is not relevant to the current case	External personnel, hospital-wide alarm, personal electronic devices
Patient factors	Any patient characteristic that impedes efficient surgery	Unexpected patient reaction, patient allergy, individual differences
Surgical task considerations	Any surgeon pauses to determine the next surgical step	Surgeon decision-making, instrument changes
Training	Any instruction given to surgical team members related to the case	ORa staff training, anatomy discussion, robot technical instruction

^aOR: operating room.