Table 1.
Baseline individual characteristics by treatment group.
| Characteristic | Total sample (N=101) | Control group (n=46) | Intervention group (n=55) | P value |
| Number of participants, n (%) | 101 (100) | 46 (45.5) | 55 (54.5) | N/Aa |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 48.2 (10.4) | 51.7 (8.6) | 45.3 (11.0) | .001 |
| Female, n (%) | 24 (23.8) | 12 (26) | 12 (22) | .65 |
| Duration since diagnosis (months), mean (SD) | 46.9 (41.5) | 49.7 (40.6) | 44.7 (42.5) | .55 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 38 (37.6) | 21 (46) | 17 (31) | .15 |
| Use alcohol, n (%) | 19 (18.8) | 11 (24) | 8 (15) | .31 |
| Sedentary, n (%) | 15 (14.9) | 7 (15) | 8 (15) | >.99 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 40 (39.6) | 18 (39) | 22 (40) | >.99 |
| Stressed, n (%) | 3 (3.0) | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | .59 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 25 (24.8) | 16 (35) | 9 (16) | .04 |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 70.5 (13.8) | 68.9 (12.9) | 71.9 (14.4) | .26 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.2 (3.6) | 25.0 (3.1) | 25.4 (4.0) | .58 |
| Overweight or obese, n (%) | 75 (74.3) | 34 (74) | 41 (75) | >.99 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | .21 |
| Body fat (%), mean (SD) | 31.3 (7.7) | 31.6 (8.1) | 31.0 (7.4) | .69 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.3 (1.8) | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.2 (1.8) | .43 |
| Resting heart rate (bpmb), mean (SD) | 78.8 (8.9) | 79.6 (9.1) | 78.0 (8.7) | .37 |
| Step test (bpm), mean (SD) | 113.9 (15.6) | 113.0 (16.0) | 114.7 (15.4) | .60 |
aN/A: not applicable; the P value was not calculated for this characteristic.
bbpm: beats per minute.