Table 1.
Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of Enterovirus D68 (EV‐D68)‐Positive and All Enrolled Children, Panama and El Salvador, 2012‐2013, N = 715
|
EV‐D68‐Positive N = 17 n (%) |
All Enrolled N = 715 n (%) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Age — y | ||
| Median | 2.3 * | 1.0 |
| Range | 0.6‐9 | 0.02‐9.6 |
| Age group | ||
| 0 to <6 mo | 0 | 188 (26) |
| 6 mo to <1 y | 3 (18) | 179 (25) |
| 1 to <2 y | 3 (18) | 185 (25) |
| 2 to <5 y | 6 (35) | 128 (18) |
| 5 to <10 y | 5 (29) * | 35 (5) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 8 (47) | 424 (59) |
| Female | 9 (53) | 291 (41) |
| Country | ||
| Panama | 7 (41) | 325 (45) |
| Panama City (Site 1) | 0 | 159 (22) |
| Panama City (Site 2) | 0 | 79 (11) |
| David | 7 (41) | 87 (12) |
| El Salvador | 10 (59) | 390 (55) |
| Santa Ana | 1 (6) | 169 (24) |
| San Miguel † | 9 (53) | 221 (31) |
| Medical History‡ | ||
| Any underlying condition | 9 (53) * | 161 (23) |
| Asthma | 9 (53) * | 131 (18) |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 0 | 5 (1) |
| Chronic cardiovascular disease | 0 | 12 (2) |
| Family history of asthma | 7 (41) | 278 (39) |
| Symptoms (parent report) | ||
| Cough | 17 (100) | 709 (99) |
| Rhinorrhea | 17 (100) | 632 (88) |
| Difficulty breathing | 16 (94) | 627 (88) |
| Wheezing | 15 (88) | 461/698 (66) |
| History of wheezing with previous illness § | 14/15 (93) * | 255/459 (56) |
| Fever | 12 (71) | 557 (78) |
| Decreased appetite | 6 (35) | 307 (43) |
| Vomiting | 5 (29) | 158 (22) |
| Chest pain | 3 (18) * | 29/602 (5) |
| Diarrhea | 3 (18) | 74 (10) |
| Sore throat | 3 (18) | 45/617 (7) |
| Abdominal pain | 2 (12) | 23/695 (3) |
| Chills | 1 (12) | 56/711 (8) |
| Earache | 0 | 8/633 (1) |
| Drowsiness | 0 | 54 (8) |
| Difficult to wake | 0 | 25 (4) |
| Illness duration before admission — days | ||
| Median | 2 | 3 |
| Interquartile range | 1‐3 | 2‐4 |
| Fever ≥ 38.0 Celsius at admission | 1 (6) | 85 (12) |
| Hypoxia at admission ¶ | 2 (12) | 63 (9) |
| Oxygen requirement at admission | 2 (12) * | 267 (37) |
| Mechanical ventilation at admission | 1 (6) | 6 (1) |
| Increased work of breathing e | 16 (94) | 594 (83) |
| Retractions | 16 (94) | 588 (82) |
| Nasal flaring | 3 (18) | 119 (17) |
| Grunting | 0 | 29 (4) |
| Lung exam by study physician | ||
| Wheezing | 15 (88) | 517 (73) |
| Rhonchi | 12 (71) | 394 (56) |
| Rales | 8 (47) | 462 (65) |
| Decreased breath sounds | 1 (6) | 20 (3) |
| Normal | 0 | 6 (<1) |
| Chest radiograph performed f | 13 (76) | 572 (80) |
| Radiographic pneumonia | ||
| Yes | 10/13 (77) | 376/572 (66) |
| No | 2/13 (15) | 122/572 (21) |
| Not recorded | 1/13 (8) | 74/572 (13) |
| Died | 0 | 1 (<1) |
Presence of ≥1 of supraclavicular retractions, subcostal or intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, grunting, or need for noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation.
Chest radiograph performed in emergency department or during first day of admission. Radiographically confirmed pneumonia included chart documentation of a chest radiograph interpreted by either the treating physician or radiologist as showing pneumonia.
Significant difference (P < .05) between children with and without EV‐D68‐infection (not assessed for enrollment site variable).
Enrolled during 2013 only.
Other medical conditions (n < 5 for each) include “other chronic lung disease,” hemoglobinopathy, “other metabolic disorder,” developmental delay, seizure disorder, and neuromuscular disorder.
Asked only for patients with parent‐reported wheezing with current illness.
Oxygen saturation < 92% measured by pulse oximetry while breathing room air, or need for non‐invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation.