Table 4.
Demographic variables and performance on measures indicative of severity for monolingual and bilingual speakers by clinical phenotype
| Amnestic AD | lvPPA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monolingual | Bilingual | p | N | Monolingual | Bilingual | p | N | |
| (N = 179) | (N = 28) | (mono/bi) | (N = 63) | (N = 16) | (mono/bi) | |||
| Sex, Female, n (%) | 94 (53) | 15 (54) | 1.000 | - | 34 (54) | 5 (31) | 0.161 | - |
| Education, mean (SD), y | 15.7 (3.2) | 16.3 (3.6) | 0.435 | - | 16.2 (2.6) | 16.3 (3.3) | 0.842 | - |
| History of learning disability, n (%) | 14 (8) | 5 (18) | 0.182 | 118/22 | 6 (10) | 1 (6) | 1.000 | 40/5 |
| Right-handed, n (%) | 162 (91) | 27 (96) | 0.806 | - | 53 (84) | 13 (81) | 0.838 | - |
| Occupation | 159/26 | 58/16 | ||||||
| Professionals, n (%) | 93 (58) | 17 (61) | 0.667 | 35 (56) | 10 (63) | 1.000 | ||
| Associate professionals, n (%) | 20 (13) | 2 (7) | 0.744 | 8 (13) | 3 (19) | 0.694 | ||
| Skilled workers, n (%) | 44 (28) | 7 (25) | 1.000 | 13 (21) | 3 (19) | 1.000 | ||
| Elementary, n (%) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | ||
| Immigrant, n (%) | 3 (2) | 19 (68) | 0.000 | - | 2 (3) | 5 (31) | 0.003 | - |
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD), y | 65.1 (10.1) | 63.9 (10.4) | 0.560 | - | 62.8 (8.1) | 68.2 (8.6) | 0.021 | - |
| MMSE (30), mean (SD) | 21.6 (5.6) | 20.8 (6.6) | 0.560 | 165/19 | 19.4 (7.4) | 17.9 (7.0) | 0.487 | 60/14 |
| BNT (15), mean (SD) | 11.8 (3.2) | 11.7 (2.9) | 0.824 | 157/17 | 8.9 (4.3) | 7.8 (4.3) | 0.356 | 57/14 |
| CDR Total (3), mean (SD) | 0.91 (0.5) | 0.98 (0.7) | 0.506 | 170/26 | 0.68 (0.39) | 0.57 (0.18) | 0.283 | 62/15 |
*
Note: BNT = Boston Naming Test, CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating scale, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, mono = monolingual, bi = bilingual. A dash (-) in the N column indicates that the full dataset was available. Occupational skill level was determined using the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).