Table 1.

Codes of Verbal behaviors (Utterances) for Staff and Residents in Part II of CUED

Behavior types	Description
Positive behaviors
Asking for help/cooperation	Questions that one person asks for the other person’s help during a caregiving task; or one person attempts to gain the other’s cooperation with a task through negotiation
Assessing for comfort/condition	Questions one asks the other if s/he is comfortable and takes steps to make the other more comfortable
Giving choices	Questions that one asks for the other’s opinion, point of view, permission, or perspective relating to a caregiving task
Orientation/giving Instructions	Statements one tells the other about what is going to happen during a task or offers guidance to support the other in carrying out a task
Showing approval/agreement	Statements that one expresses gratitude or appreciation for the other including expression of approval, agreement, praising, rewarding or showing respect or admiration directed to the other
Showing interest	Friendly conversation that one conveys an interest in the other and responses to the other that serve to actively keep a conversation going
Gain attention verbally	Statements that one makes in order to redirect the other’s attention to task, or one calls the other’s name in an attempt to get the other’s attention
Unsure – positive	Utterance that is indistinguishable or unclear and sounds positive or person-centered based on tone and voice and the context of the interaction. These utterances usually cannot be attributed to a definite type.
Negative behaviors
Interrupting/changing topic	Statements one makes that interrupt the other’s v utterance, change the topic, or a response to a prior question or request with an unrelated statement or question
Verbal refusal/disagreement	Statements that one makes indicating resistance or objection to unwanted help, care, or options
Controlling voice	Statements one makes to the other in a controlling or rushed manner
Unsure – negative	Utterance that is indistinguishable or unclear and sounds negative or task-centered based on tone of voice and the context of the interaction. These utterances usually cannot be attributed to a definite type.