Table 1:

Results of mixed models testing predictors of F2 activity/exploratory behavior (higher values showed more active and exploratory individuals; n=125 males, n=126 females), freezing behavior (n=125 males, n=126 females), and evasive swimming behavior (n=124 males, n=125 females).

	Female F2s				Male F2s
	Activity and exploratory behavior
	t	df	p	Cohen’s F	t	df	p	Cohen’s F
Maternal grandfather treatment	−1.18	23.10	0.25	0.01	−0.03	10.36	0.97	0.00
Paternal grandfather treatment	−1.88	27.00	0.07	0.02	−0.48	8.58	0.64	0.03
Observation period	−5.54	122.00	<0.001	0.57	−7.20	123.85	<0.001	0.48
Standard length	0.42	115.26	0.68	0.03	1.56	115.20	0.12	0.10
Maternal GF * paternal GF	2.57	198.92	0.01	0.09	---	---	---	---
Paternal GF * observation period	3.03	122.00	0.003	0.10	---	---	---	---
Maternal GF * observation period	1.40	122.00	0.17	0.06	---	---	---	---
Maternal GF * paternal GF * obs period	−2.84	122.00	0.005	0.21	---	---	---	---
	Freezing behavior
	Z	df	p	Cohen’s F	Z	df	p	Cohen’s F
Maternal grandfather treatment	−0.96	1, 116	0.34	0.17	−1.69	1, 114	0.09	0.08
Paternal grandfather treatment	0.06	1, 116	0.95	0.05	−1.68	1, 114	0.09	0.06
Standard length	−0.82	1, 116	0.41	0.12	−1.50	1, 114	0.13	0.13
Maternal * paternal GF treatment	---	---	---	---	1.97	1, 114	0.049	0.16
	Evasive swimming behavior
	Z	df	p	Cohen’s F	Z	df	p	Cohen’s F
Maternal grandfather treatment	−1.38	1, 116	0.17	0.10	−1.91	1, 114	0.06	0.02
Paternal grandfather treatment	−0.65	1, 116	0.51	0.03	−0.25	1, 114	0.80	0.16
Standard length	1.24	1, 116	0.22	0.12	−0.18	1, 114	0.86	0.02
Maternal * paternal GF treatment	---	---	---	---	2.38	1, 114	0.02	0.21