Testosterone-dependent changes in fatty-acyl carnitine metabolism in red blood cells from two independent cohorts of human subjects who received testosterone replacement therapy and in mice. A, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the metabolic pathways significantly impacted by TRT in two independent cohorts of subjects undergoing TRT. B, The volcano plot highlights some of the metabolic changes in these pathways in the second cohort. C, The bar plots in the top and bottom row are used to graph changes in some representative acyl-carnitines from the first (top) and second (bottom) cohort in control (blue) and TRT (red) subjects as a function of storage duration (x axis). All significant changes (*, P < 0.05) were analyzed using a two-tailed t test. In D, the scatter plot illustrates graph changes significant by ANOVA, representative of acyl-carnitines in intact male, female, and castrated male FVB/NJ mice