Table 2.
Results of the proportional hazards regression modeling of progression to late age-related macular degeneration outcomes, according to quintiles of nutrient intake in the combined AREDS/AREDS2 cohort: hazard ratios and P values.
| Nutrient | Late AMD | Geographic Atrophy | Neovascular AMD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q4 vs Q1 | Q5 vs Q1 | Q4 vs Q1 | Q5 vs Q1 | Q4 vs Q1 | Q5 vs Q1 | |
| Vitamin A (IU) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.87) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.89) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.96) |
| <.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0005 | 0.022 | 0.013 | |
| Retinol | 0.97 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) |
| 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.68 | |
| Vitamin D | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.31) |
| 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.053 | 0.36 | 0.12 | |
| Vitamin E | 0.97 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.21) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) |
| 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.63 | |
| Vitamin C | 0.79 (0.71, 0.87) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.83) | 0.70 (0.60, 0.81) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.056 | 0.25 | |
| Thiamine | 0.88 (0.79, 0.97) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) |
| 0.015 | 0.057 | 0.068 | 0.033 | 0.99 | 0.91 | |
| Riboflavin | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.95) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) |
| 0.088 | 0.078 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.36 | 0.64 | |
| Niacin | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) |
| 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.044 | 0.004 | 0.14 | 0.27 | |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.82 (0.73, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) |
| 0.0004 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.035 | 0.030 | 0.010 | |
| Folate | 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.71 (0.61, 0.82) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.02) |
| 0.0004 | 0.0002 | <.0001 | 0.002 | 0.29 | 0.077 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.07) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) |
| 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.011 | 0.24 | 0.77 | 0.92 | |
| Beta-carotene | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.85) | 0.75 (0.64, 0.87) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) |
| <.0001 | 0.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.016 | 0.088 | |
| Alpha-carotene | 0.92 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.08) |
| 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.59 | 0.92 | 0.36 | |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) |
| 0.011 | 0.080 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.39 | 0.77 | |
| Lutein and zeaxanthin | 0.74 (0.67, 0.83) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.004 | 0.0015 | 0.013 | |
| Lycopene | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) |
| 0.50 | 0.064 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.68 | 0.73 | |
| Calcium | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.98) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) |
| 0.83 | 0.020 | 0.15 | 0.002 | 0.22 | 0.65 | |
| Magnesium | 0.86 (0.77, 0.95) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.95) |
| 0.005 | <.0001 | 0.013 | <.0001 | 0.084 | 0.007 | |
| Iron | 0.85 (0.77, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.96) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) |
| 0.004 | 0.081 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.66 | 0.92 | |
| Zinc | 0.95 (0.85, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) |
| 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.042 | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.93 | |
| Copper | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | 0.71 (0.60, 0.83) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) |
| 0.0015 | 0.0001 | 0.0009 | <.0001 | 0.027 | 0.061 | |
| Cholesterol | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.34) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.23) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.29) |
| 0.046 | 0.053 | 0.10 | 0.051 | 0.51 | 0.21 | |
| Saturated fat | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) | 1.32 (1.19, 1.48) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.36) | 1.39 (1.20, 1.63) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 1.26 (1.09, 1.46) |
| 0.038 | <.0001 | 0.049 | <.0001 | 0.44 | 0.002 | |
| Monounsaturated fat | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) | 1.23 (1.10, 1.38) | 1.23 (1.05, 1.43) | 1.30 (1.11, 1.52) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.46) |
| 0.012 | 0.0002 | 0.009 | 0.0009 | 0.061 | 0.005 | |
| Oleic acid | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | 1.28 (1.14, 1.43) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | 1.42 (1.22, 1.66) | 1.15 (0.98, 1.34) | 1.28 (1.10, 1.50) |
| 0.029 | <.0001 | 0.057 | <.0001 | 0.086 | 0.002 | |
| Linoleic acid | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.30) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.52) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) |
| 0.58 | 0.014 | 0.19 | 0.002 | 0.65 | 0.39 | |
| Alpha-linolenic acid | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) |
| 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.089 | 0.26 | 0.80 | |
| Arachidonic acid | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) |
| 0.89 | 0.46 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 0.46 | |
| EPA | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.89) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) |
| 0.006 | 0.0009 | 0.004 | 0.0008 | 0.23 | 0.30 | |
| DHA | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.93) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.92) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.88) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) |
| 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.0006 | 0.044 | 0.38 | |
| EPA and DHA | 0.86 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.95) | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) |
| 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.038 | 0.51 | |
| Lactose | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) |
| 0.73 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.93 | |
| Alcohol | 0.79 (0.72, 0.88) | 0.85 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.85) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.98) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95) |
| <.0001 | 0.0008 | <.0001 | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.006 | |
Abbreviations: AMD=age-related macular degeneration; DHA=docosahexaenoic acid; EPA=eicosapentaenoic acid; IU=international units; Q=quintile
Footnotes:
- results are shown in comparison to quintile 1 (reference), following adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, total calorie intake, body mass index (for AREDS participants only), and correlation between eyes
- AREDS2 data: the results for late AMD are based on events over the full study period (i.e., including the AREDS2 10-year follow-on study), while the results for geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD are based on events up until the AREDS2 close-out (median 5 years). This is because, in the AREDS2 10-year follow-on study, late AMD subtype information was not captured from all data sources