Table 3.

Results of the proportional hazards regression modeling of progression to large drusen, according to quintiles of nutrient intake in the AREDS cohort: hazard ratios and P values.

Nutrient	Q4 vs Q1	Q5 vs Q1
Vitamin A (IU)	0.82 (0.68, 0.99)	0.87 (0.72, 1.04)
	0.043	0.13
Retinol	1.02 (0.85, 1.23)	0.96 (0.80, 1.16)
	0.82	0.70
Beta-carotene equivalents	0.82 (0.68, 0.99)	0.89 (0.74, 1.07)
	0.041	0.23
Alpha-carotene	0.97 (0.81, 1.18)	0.89 (0.73, 1.07)
	0.79	0.20
Beta-carotene	0.82 (0.68, 0.99)	0.87 (0.73, 1.05)
	0.041	0.15
Beta-cryptoxanthin	1.01 (0.84, 1.22)	1.00 (0.82, 1.21)
	0.92	0.98
Lycopene	0.91 (0.76, 1.10)	0.96 (0.80, 1.15)
	0.34	0.62
Lutein and zeaxanthin	0.90 (0.75, 1.09)	0.81 (0.66, 0.98)
	0.28	0.028
Thiamine	0.84 (0.70, 1.01)	0.91 (0.76, 1.10)
	0.064	0.34
Riboflavin	0.85 (0.71, 1.02)	0.94 (0.79, 1.13)
	0.086	0.53
Niacin	0.94 (0.78, 1.14)	1.01 (0.84, 1.23)
	0.53	0.89
Vitamin B6	0.84 (0.70, 1.01)	0.85 (0.71, 1.03)
	0.067	0.094
Vitamin B12	0.90 (0.75, 1.08)	0.91 (0.76, 1.09)
	0.27	0.31
Folate	0.79 (0.65, 0.95)	0.86 (0.71, 1.04)
	0.011	0.12
Vitamin C	0.99 (0.82, 1.20)	1.09 (0.90, 1.33)
	0.92	0.38
Vitamin D	0.98 (0.81, 1.18)	1.00 (0.83, 1.21)
	0.30	1.00
Vitamin E	0.97 (0.81, 1.16)	1.02 (0.84, 1.22)
	0.72	0.86
Zinc	0.87 (0.73, 1.04)	0.92 (0.76, 1.10)
	0.14	0.36
Selenium	0.88 (0.73, 1.05)	0.86 (0.71, 1.03)
	0.15	0.10
Copper	0.81 (0.67, 0.98)	0.82 (0.68, 1.00)
	0.028	0.053
Iron	0.89 (0.74, 1.07)	0.91 (0.76, 1.10)
	0.20	0.34
Magnesium	0.85 (0.70, 1.02)	0.78 (0.64, 0.94)
	0.088	0.011
Calcium	1.01 (0.83, 1.21)	0.90 (0.74, 1.08)
	0.95	0.25
Saturated fat	1.28 (1.06, 1.55)	1.29 (1.06, 1.56)
	0.011	0.010
Monounsaturated fat	1.20 (1.00, 1.45)	1.24 (1.02, 1.51)
	0.049	0.028
Oleic acid	1.17 (0.98, 1.41)	1.20 (0.99, 1.46)
	0.090	0.064
Linoleic acid	0.90 (0.75, 1.09)	1.06 (0.89, 1.28)
	0.28	0.50
Alpha-linolenic acid	0.93 (0.77, 1.11)	1.05 (0.88, 1.26)
	0.42	0.56
EPA	0.87 (0.73, 1.05)	0.86 (0.72, 1.03)
	0.14	0.11
DHA	0.86 (0.72, 1.03)	0.79 (0.66, 0.95)
	0.10	0.011
EPA and DHA	0.86 (0.71, 1.03)	0.83 (0.70, 1.00)
	0.099	0.050
Arachidonic acid	1.05 (0.88, 1.26)	0.98 (0.81, 1.18)
	0.56	0.83
Cholesterol	1.23 (1.03, 1.47)	1.09 (0.91, 1.31)
	0.023	0.35
Galactose	0.83 (0.69, 1.00)	0.90 (0.75, 1.08)
	0.046	0.27
Lactose	0.98 (0.82, 1.17)	0.83 (0.69, 1.00)
	0.81	0.049
Alcohol	1.03 (0.83, 1.29)	1.22 (0.98, 1.52)
	0.79	0.073
Insoluble dietary fiber	0.78 (0.65, 0.95)	0.77 (0.64, 0.94)
	0.011	0.009
Soluble dietary fiber	0.97 (0.80, 1.16)	0.88 (0.73, 1.07)
	0.72	0.20

Abbreviations: DHA=docosahexaenoic acid; EPA=eicosapentaenoic acid; IU=international units; Q=quintile

Footnotes:

- results are shown in comparison to quintile 1 (reference), following adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, total calorie intake, body mass index, and correlation between eyes