Fig. 4. Spatial maps of current vulnerability of European forests to natural disturbances and local sensitivity to key drivers.

a Current vulnerability (${\mathrm{PBL}}_{\mathrm{rel}}$) of European forests to fires (averaged over the 2009–2018 period). b Marginal contribution of forest, climate and landscape features to the sensitivity of vulnerability to fires. c, d and e, f as a, b but for windthrows and insect outbreaks, respectively. Forests with cover fraction lower than 0.1 are masked in white.