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. 2021 Feb 24;6:77. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00456-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — BBR increased dopa/dopamine production in the gut microbiota in vivo. a Dopa/dopamine significantly increased in the feces of ICR mice at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after oral administration of BBR (100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively; mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 for dopa and ***P < 0.001 for dopamine). b Dopa/dopamine showed a dose- and time-dependent increase in plasma after BBR treatment (mean ± SD, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 for dopa; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 for dopamine). c Dopa/dopamine showed a similar dose- and time-dependent increase in the brain after BBR treatment (mean ± SD, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 for dopa; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 for dopamine). d Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of BBR into the ICR mice did not increase the levels of dopa/dopamine in the feces, plasma, and brain at any of the study time points, which was different from the results of BBR in oral administration (mean ± SD, NS no significance). e Mass spectra of ¹⁵N-dopamine and dopamine in mouse brains. f Intestinal ¹⁵N-Tyr was the raw material for the synthesis of ¹⁵N-dopamine in brain. Pretreating the mice with antibiotics for 3 days attenuated the effect of BBR on ¹⁵N-dopamine production (mean ± SD, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001), and oral administration of BBR significantly increased ¹⁵N-dopamine in the brain (*P < 0.05)