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. 2021 Feb 24;6:77. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00456-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — BBR stimulated intestinal bacteria to produce dopa/dopamine. a Levels of dopa/dopamine increased significantly at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after BBR treatment (10 and 20 μg/mL, respectively) in the intestinal bacteria of SD rats in vitro (mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001, for dopa and dopamine). b Effect of BBR (10 μg/mL) in ten intestinal bacterial strains in vitro. Out of the ten strains, four bacterial strains (E. faecalis, E. faecium, P. mirabilis, and L. acidophilus) showed a significant increase in dopa after BBR treatment (10 and 20 µg/mL for 12 h), six had almost no change in dopa production. Of note, the increase in dopa by E. faecalis and E. faecium showed a dose-dependent manner with BBR. The BBR-induced dopamine production profile in the ten strains was different from that of dopa, that is, three bacterial strains (E. faecalis, E. faecium, and S. epidermidis) showed a significant increase in dopamine after BBR treatment (10 µg/mL for 12 h), seven had almost no change on dopamine production. Of note, the increase in dopamine by E. faecalis and E. faecium showed a similar dose-dependent manner with BBR. c Changes in the intestinal bacterial composition as a result of BBR treatment. The heat map of the top 50 bacterial genera exhibited the most substantial change in abundance after exposure to BBR; the proportion of dopa/dopamine-producing bacteria increased, including Enterococcus, Escherichia–Shigella, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus (labeled with the red “*”)