Table 3.

Governance themes and challenges reported by pig farmers and by stakeholders working in the LIA in Nairobi.

	Governance themes	Challenges
Dagoretti and Kibera farmers	Government interactions: • Carcass inspection by government vets for pig slaughtered at home (Dagoretti) • Lack of inspection at home slaughter (In Kibera and sometimes in Dagoretti) • Perception of being outlaws • Area chiefs solves disputes between pig and crop farmers in Kibera • Conflicting policies • Lack of pork abattoirs generates reliance on home slaughterProducer relationships: • Lack of association • Dependent on brokers and traders for selling • Transportation cost incurred by brokers and traders • Feeling the pork market is controlled by a large company • Dependency in market swill /waste/ scavenging (small keepers) • Litter size is the main trait use for replacement of sows • Lack of written contractsGender and consumers issues: • Male dominated activities except in large farms – Women only involved in cleaning activities • Scavenging pigs discourages consumption of pork	Kibera Farmers: • Lack of capital (Rank 1) • Sourcing for feed (Rank 2) • Diseases (Rank 3) • Diminishing land sizes (Rank 4) • Knowledge (Rank 5) • Conflicts with crop farmers (Rank 6) • Theft/insecurity (Rank 7)	Dagoretti farmers: • Lack of training: Feeding, Management and Health • Market access: Lack of contracts with brokers • High cost of commercial feeds • Lack of proper housing • Diminishing land sizes: To keep pigs and manure disposal
Local independent abattoirs	Government interaction: • Devolution- Increase of abattoir charges • Training carried out by meat inspector • Abattoirs charges include: Ministry of livestock, NEMA, City council, Ministry of public health and food hygiene certificatesProducer relationships: • Market dominated by IC who sets prices • Farmers trust more the IC than traders when selling • Perception of trader's dominance in the system and sets prices at the abattoir level • Lack of grading of carcasses • Dependency on motorbike for transport of pork • Purchase depends on visual weight estimation • Preference to buys pig from small and medium scale farmers due to low prices • Disagreement on visual weight estimation is resolved by using live carcass weight • Lack of communication between MI, traders, butchers and farmers • Abattoir owner helps in solving disputes • Free holding ground used to attract tradersGender: • Male dominates the pork abattoir business while offal trading business is dominated by women	Traders and brokers: • Inbreeding due to lack of AI • Price instability – IC setting the market prices • Negative cultural perception of pork • Feeds taxation • High cost of transportation • Diseases –Reduce supply of pigs • Backyard slaughtering creating unhealthy competition • Lack of markets for live pigs' traders • Deception of pigs' sizes by farmers • Low weight due to poor feeding • Bad debts – Caused by butcheries • Pigs dying at the lairage of abattoir • Bad perception of pork due to scavenging	Abattoir owners: • Low supply of pigs due to high taxation on feeds • Legal issues when upgrading from slab to abattoir • Lack of capital to purchase equipment's • High cost of running the abattoir • Competition from farmers choice • Power outages • Traders conflictsMeat inspectors: • Poor transportation delays slaughter process • Arrogant workers/lack of awareness/PEP • Alcoholism • Conflict among workers • Lack of enough water • Lack of movement permits especially on Sundays • Early working hours • Pressure from traders to inspect quickly