Table 2.
Representative observational studies of moderate and severe TBI biomarkers and outcomes.
| References | N (%F) | Primary outcome | Analysis by | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Sex X Age | |||
| Farin et al. (21) | 957 (23) | ICP, Edema | Yes (M > F) | Yes (F < 50 worst) |
| King et al. (22) | 159 (23) | 12-month GOS | Yes (M = F) | No |
| Davis et al. (23) | 13,247 (24) | In-Hospital mortality | Yes (M = F) | Yes (> 50 F > M) |
| Corrigan et al. (24) | 3,444 (28) | RTW | Yes (M > F) | Yes (> 55 F > M) |
| Berry et al. (25) | 72,294 (30.8) | Mortality | Yes (F > M) | Yes (> 45 F > M) |
| Ottochian et al. (26) | 1,807 (22) | Mortality | Yes (M > F) | Yes (> 55 M > F) |
| Yeung et al. (27) | (2979) 29 | Mortality, edema | Yes (M = F, mortality | NA* |
| M > F, edema) | ||||
| Lavoie et al. (28) | 175 (25) | Depression (PHQ-9) | Yes (M = F) | No |
| Walker et al. (29) | 10,125 (27) | 1-5 year GOS | Yes (M = F) | No |
| Puffer et al. (30) | 1,169 (26) | GOS-E trajectory | No | No |
| Wilkins et al. (31) | 304 (19) | 6-24 month GOS-E | No | No |
| Stromberg et al. (32) | 7,867 (25) | RTW | Yes (M = F) | No |
| Deng et al. (33) | 264 (22) | ICP, edema, surgery | Yes (M = F, edema) | No |
| (F > M, surgery) | ||||
| Gruen et al. (34) | 164 (25) | 30 day mortality | No | No |
| Mellett et al. (35) | 429 (22) | Mortality, GOS, NRS, DRS | No | No |
| Okonkwo et al. (36) | 1,359 (32) | GFAP, GOS-E | No | No |
| Xu et al. (37) | 1,206 (32) | CRP, GOS-E | No | No |
| Kerezoudis et al. (38) | 2,508 (35) | Mortality | No | NA** |
ICP, intracranial pressure; GOS, Glasgow outcome scale; RTW, return to work; GOS-E, Glasgow coma scale, extended; NRS, Neurobehavioral rating scale; DRS, disability rating scale, GFAP, Glial Fibrillary acidic protein; CRP, c-reactive protein.
NA, not applicable,
*
Study only included young women
**
All participants were elderly.