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. 2021 Jan 1;8(1):39–52. doi: 10.3233/JND-200556

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Chronic intake of glucocorticoids results in glucocorticoid excess which, in turn, has adverse effects on liver, pancreas, bone, adipose tissue and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. In DMD, chronic steroid use through puberty also leads to growth suppression and poor bone health. Long term steroid use is linked to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.