Table III.
Study characteristics.
| First author, year | Study name/acronym | Country | Period of exposure | Sample/study design | No. women | No. men | Measurement mode of chemical exposure |
AHRQ rating/additional quality points | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | Plasma | Non-biological | ||||||||
| Bach, 2015a | ABC | Denmark | 2008–2013 | General/ retrospective | 1372 | 0 | PFAS: PFHxS, PFHpS, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA | Good/4 | ||
| Bach, 2015b | DNBC | Denmark | 1996–2002 | General/ retrospective | 1601 | 0 | PFAS: PFOA, PFOS | Good/4 | ||
| Fei, 2009 (smaller subset) | 1240 | 0 | PFAS: PFOA, PFOS | |||||||
| Bach, 2018 | Lifestyle During Pregnancy Study nested within the DNBC | Denmark | 1996–2002 | General/ retrospective | 1251 | 0 | PFAS: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFNA, PFDA | Good/4 | ||
| Buck Louis, 2009 | NYSACS | USA | 1996–1997 | Specializeda/ prospective | 83 | 0 | PCBs: total (76 congeners), oestrogenic, antioestrogenic | Good/4 | ||
| Buck Louis, 2013 | LIFE | USA | 2005–2009 | General/ prospective | 501 | 501 | PBB 153; OC pesticides: HCB, β HCH, γ-HCH, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, p,p´-DDT, o,p´-DDT, p,p´-DDE, mirex; PBDEs: BDE 17, 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183; PCBs: PCB 28, 44, 49, 52, 66, 74, 87, 99, 101, 105, 110, 114, 118, 128, 138, 146, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 167, 170, 172, 177, 178, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194, 195, 196, 201, 206, 209; PFAS: EtFOSAA, MeFOSAA, PFDeA, PFNA, PFOSA, PFOS, PFOA | Good/3.5 | ||
| Lum, 2017 (reanalysis adjusting for cycle length) | 501 | 0 | PFAS: PFDeA, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, PFOSA, EtFOSAA, MeFOSAA | |||||||
| Hwang, 2019 (latent class reanalysis of joint male and female exposure) | 401 | 401 | PCB 28, 44, 49, 52, 66, 74, 87, 99, 101, 105, 110, 114, 118, 128, 138, 146, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 167, 170, 172, 177, 178, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194, 195, 196, 201, 206, 209 | |||||||
| Zhang, 2019 (weighted kernel machine regression reanalysis of joint male and female exposure) | 401 | 401 | PCB 28, 66, 74, 99, 105, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 170, 180, 187, 194, 196, 201, 206, 209 | |||||||
| Campagna, 2015 | Italy | 1946–1950 | Specializedb/ retrospective | 0 | 1223 | DDT | Poor/0 | |||
| Chevrier, 2013 | PELAGIE | France | 2002–2006 | General/ retrospective | 332 | 0 | PCBs: PCB 74, 99, 101, 118, 138, 153, 170, 180, 183, 187, 194, 203, ΣPCBs; Organochlorine pesticides: α-HCH, β-HCH, y-HCH, HCB, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDT; PBDEs: BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 209; PBB 153; HBCDD | Good/4 | ||
| Cohn, 2011 | CHDS | USA | 1960–1963 | General/ retrospectivec | 289 | 0 | PCBs: PCB 66, 74, 99, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 201, 203 | Fair/2 | ||
| Gennings, 2013 (reanalysis of PCB mixtures using weighted quantile sum regression) | 289 | 0 | PCBs: PCB 56, 66, 74, 99, 101, 105, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 201, 203 | |||||||
| Crawford, 2017 | Time to Conceive | USA | 2008–2009 | General/ prospective | 99 | 0 | PFAS: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | Fair/3 | ||
| Eskenazi, 2010 | SWHS | Italy | 1976 | Specializedd/ retrospective | 278 | 0 | TCDD | Good/3 | ||
| Gao, 2016 | LWBC | China | 2010–2012 | General/ retrospective | 207 | 0 | PBDEs: BDE 28, 47, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, ΣPBDE (28, 47, 99, 100, 153) | Good/3 | ||
| Han, 2016 | Fisheater Family Health Study | USA | 1973–1991 | Specializeda/ retrospectivec | 151 | 0 | PCBs, p,p'-DDE | Poor/1 | ||
| Harley, 2008 | CHAMACOS | USA | 1999–2000 | Specializedb/ retrospective | 402 | 0 | p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE | Good/4 | ||
| Harley, 2010 | CHAMACOS | USA | 1999–2000 | Specializedb/ retrospective | 223 | 0 | PBDEs: BDE 47, 99, 100, 153 | Good/4 | ||
| Jorgensen, 2014 | INUENDO | Greenland, Poland, Ukraine | 2002–2004 | General/ retrospective | 938 | 401 | PFAS: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA | Good/4 | ||
| Small, 2011 | USA | 1973–1974 | Specializedd/ retrospectivec | 194 | 0 | PBB 153 | Poor/1 | |||
| Snijder, 2011 | Generation R | Netherlands | 2002–2006 | General/ retrospective | 2774 | 2728 | Polychlorinated organic compounds, pesticides, flame retardants, any endocrine disruptors | Fair/2 | ||
| Velez, 2015 | MIREC | Canada | 2008–2011 | General/ retrospective | 1743 | 0 | PFAS: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS | Good/3 | ||
| Vestergaard, 2012 | Danish First Pregnancy Planner Study | Denmark | 1992–1995 | General/ prospective | 222 | 0 | PFAS: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, PFOSA | Good/3 | ||
| Whitworth, 2016 | MoBa | Norway | 2003–2004 | General/ retrospective | 451 | 0 | PFAS: PFOSA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFOS | Good/4 | ||
| Whitworth, 2012 (dichotomous TTP outcome only) | 910 | 0 | PFAS: PFOS, PFOA | |||||||
| Ding, 2014 (reanalysis accounting for case-cohort sampling) | 910 | 0 | PFOA | |||||||
| Yang, 2008 | Yucheng | Taiwan | 1979 | Generald/ retrospective | 412 | 0 | PCBs, PCDFs | Fair/2 | ||
a
Anglers/fisheaters and spouses.
b
Pesticide applicators/farmworkers and spouses.
c
Prenatal exposure.
d
Accidental exposure.
ABC, Aarhus Birth Cohort; DNBC, Danish National Birth Cohort; NYSACS, New York State Angler Cohort Study; LIFE, Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment; PELAGIE, Perturbateurs endocriniens: Étude Longitudinale sur les Anomalies de la Grossesse, l’Infertilité et l’Enfance; CHDS, Child Health and Development Studies; SWHS, Seveso Women’s Health Study; LWBC, Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort; CHAMACOS, Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas; MIREC, Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals; MoBa, Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study