Table 1.
All patients N = 306 | Successful helmet CPAP treatment N = 159 | Helmet CPAP failure N = 147 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 67 [58–76] | 62 [54–70] | 71 [63–79] | < 0.001* |
Sex male, n. (%) | 236 (77) | 121 (76) | 115 (78) | 0.685 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 [24–30] | 26 [24–30] | 25 [24–30] | 0.631 |
Any comorbidity, n. (%) | 228 (74) | 99 (62) | 129 (88) | < 0.001* |
Hypertension, n. (%) | 159 (52) | 69 (43) | 90 (61) | 0.002* |
Comorbidities, n | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 2 [1–3] | < 0.001* |
Clinical Frailty Scale | 3 [2–4] | 2 [2, 3] | 3 [2–5] | < 0.001* |
Symptoms onset to hospital admission, days | 7 [4–10] | 7 [5–10] | 7 [4–10] | 0.464 |
Hospital admission to oxygen therapy failure, days | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–3] | 0 [0–2] | 0.001* |
Do not intubate (DNI) order, n (%) | 130 (42) | 37 (23) | 93 (63) | < 0.001* |
White blood cells, n*103/µL | 7.38 [5.58–10.11] | 7.03 [5.65–8.4] | 7.71 [5.35–11.28] | 0.052 |
Platelets, n*103/µL | 202 [153–260] | 213 [164–265] | 183 [142–256] | 0.027 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 109 [50–172] | 86 [39–131] | 144 [67–207] | < 0.001* |
Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.29 [0.13–1.05] | 0.2 [0.11–0.63] | 0.44 [0.2–1.42] | 0.001* |
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 420 [332–524] | 369 [313–477] | 475 [375–589] | < 0.001* |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1 [0.8–1.3] | 1 [0.8–1.1] | 1.1 [0.9–1.5] | < 0.001* |
Urea, mg/dL | 39 [28–61] | 32 [25–44] | 50 [33–84] | < 0.001* |
Univariate analysis of the association of relevant characteristics with CPAP failure. Data regarding the study population (All patients), the subgroup of patients successfully treated by helmet CPAP (Successful helmet CPAP treatment) and the subgroup of patients failing the helmet CPAP treatment (either intubated or non-survivors, depending on their ceiling-of-care status) are reported in the table
*Indicates persistence of statistically significant differences after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.003).