Table 3.
Factors associated with decreased physical activity and conversation time, and enhanced handwashing
| Decreased physical activity | Decreased conversation time | Washing hands more | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjustedd | Crude | Adjustedd | Crude | Adjustedd | |||||||
| Characteristics | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI |
| Age | 0.97 | (0.84–1.12) | 0.95 | (0.80–1.13) | 0.86 | (0.75–1.00) e | 0.85 | (0.72–1.00) | 0.99 | (0.87–1.13) | 1.02 | (0.88–1.19) |
| Sex (female) | 1.23 | (0.83–1.83) | 1.18 | (0.69–2.02) | 1.09 | (0.74–1.59) | 1.07 | (0.64–1.80) | 1.72 | (1.20–2.47)e | 1.90 | (1.17–3.08)e |
| High education | 0.77 | (0.52–1.15) | 0.69 | (0.43–1.10) | 1.01 | (0.69–1.48) | 0.97 | (0.62–1.51) | 1.26 | (0.88–1.80) | 1.44 | (0.95–2.18) |
| Living alone | 1.03 | (0.66–1.61) | 0.96 | (0.56–1.65) | 0.92 | (0.60–1.42) | 0.86 | (0.51–1.44) | 1.40 | (0.93–2.10) | 1.24 | (0.76–2.03) |
| Widowed | 1.15 | (0.77–1.71) | 1.09 | (0.65–1.85) | 1.10 | (0.75–1.61) | 1.25 | (0.75–2.07) | 1.30 | (0.91–1.87) | 1.08 | (0.67–1.73) |
| Current alcohol use | 1.15 | (0.77–1.72) | 1.35 | (0.86–2.13) | 0.95 | (0.65–1.41) | 1.02 | (0.65–1.59) | 0.93 | (0.65–1.34) | 0.97 | (0.64–1.48) |
| Current smoker | 0.59 | (0.19–1.78) | 0.67 | (0.17–2.57) | 0.78 | (0.30–2.06) | 0.69 | (0.20–2.36) | 0.46 | (0.18–1.17) | 0.76 | (0.26–2.18) |
| Overweight | 0.99 | (0.63–1.55) | 1.19 | (0.73–1.94) | 0.89 | (0.58–1.37) | 1.12 | (0.70–1.82) | 1.26 | (0.84–1.89) | 1.19 | (0.76–1.86) |
| Self-rated healtha | 0.97 | (0.65–1.45) | 0.91 | (0.58–1.44) | 0.71 | (0.48–1.05) | 0.73 | (0.47–1.13) | 1.30 | (0.90–1.87) | 1.09 | (0.73–1.64) |
| MMSE (≤23) | 0.58 | (0.31–1.05) | 0.56 | (0.29–1.08) | 0.57 | (0.32–1.01) | 0.53 | (0.28–1.01) | 0.98 | (0.60–1.61) | 1.02 | (0.59–1.77) |
| GDS (≥5) | 0.78 | (0.49–1.26) | 0.79 | (0.46–1.36) | 1.16 | (0.75–1.80) | 1.12 | (0.68–1.85) | 0.71 | (0.47–1.07) | 0.93 | (0.58–1.48) |
| IADL (≤4) | 1.36 | (0.77–2.39) | 1.64 | (0.85–3.19) | 1.09 | (0.61–1.92) | 1.14 | (0.59–2.23) | 0.89 | (0.52–1.52) | 0.79 | (0.43–1.46) |
| Chronic conditions ≥5 | 0.91 | (0.61–1.35) | 0.84 | (0.54–1.30) | 0.93 | (0.63–1.37) | 0.95 | (0.62–1.45) | 1.13 | (0.79–1.62) | 1.05 | (0.71–1.57) |
| Hearing impairment | 1.28 | (0.62–2.63) | 0.97 | (0.42–2.26) | 0.98 | (0.48–2.01) | 0.87 | (0.38–1.98) | 1.09 | (0.55–2.16) | 1.08 | (0.50–2.30) |
| Visual impairment | 1.74 | (1.12–2.71)e | 1.79 | (1.10–2.91)e | 1.28 | (0.83–1.98) | 1.18 | (0.73–1.91) | 1.05 | (0.69–1.60) | 1.28 | (0.81–2.02) |
| Engagement in physical activityb | 1.77 | (1.17–2.67)e | 1.95 | (1.23–3.08)e | 1.86 | (1.25–2.76)e | 2.24 | (1.43–3.50)e | 1.09 | (0.75–1.60) | 1.04 | (0.68–1.58) |
| Frequent community interactionc | 0.69 | (0.37–1.29) | 0.69 | (0.34–1.40) | 0.30 | (0.15–0.63)e | 0.23 | (0.10–0.55)e | 1.65 | (0.96–2.84) | 1.91 | (1.03–3.55)e |
| Smartphone ownership | 2.02 | (1.32–3.10)e | 2.15 | (1.33–3.47)e | 0.96 | (0.62–1.48) | 0.87 | (0.54–1.41) | 1.58 | (1.05–2.37)e | 1.81 | (1.15–2.85)e |
Abbreviations: OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living
a Those who reported very good/good versus others (reference)
b Those who reported upper tertile of physical Activity Index versus others (reference)
c Those who reported every day versus others (reference)
d Mutually adjusted for all variables in the model
e P < 0.05