Generation of gliospheres and PDOs from patient tissue
Morphological and histological analysis of GBM PDSs, PDOs, and PDOXs.
(A) Schematic outline for histological analysis of GBM patient-derived spheres (PDSs) also called gliospheres, patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse brain patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOXs).
(B) Representative GBM gliospheres in bright-field images taken using inverted microscopy on day 7 (top left panel). Representative histology analysis with H&E staining images of gliospheres (bottom left panel) and immunofluorescent (IF) staining of neuroepithelial differentiation marker GFAP with phalloidin and DAPI is shown (right panel).
(C) Representative GBM PDOs in bright-field images on day 1, day 8, and day 14 (top left panel), H&E stain of PDOs (bottom left panel) and IF staining of neuroepithelial progenitor marker Nestin with phalloidin and DAPI (right panel).
(D) Representative GBM PDOX mouse brains in H&E and IHC staining for cell proliferation marker Ki67 and neuroepithelial progenitor marker Nestin. Scale bars are 100 μm in bright-field, H&E, and IHC images in (B)–(D) and 20 μm in IF images in (B) and (C).