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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Ther. 2020 Aug 12;42(9):1637–1648. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.011

Table II.

Summary of published trials evaluating probiotics and synbiotics.

Publication Year Study Center Product Control Target Patient Patients Enrolled Results Clinical Trial Resistance Testing Citation
Probiotics
2000 Sweden Enterococcus faecium Placebo VRE Adults 40 ND Culture based 29
2004 Sweden Lactobacillus paracasei Placebo MDR enterics Adults 36 ND Culture based 30
2006 Germany Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Placebo MDR enterics Preterm infants 69 ND Culture based 31
2007 Australia Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Placebo VRE Adults 27 + Culture based 32
2010 France L. rhamnosus Lcr35 Placebo VRE Adults 9 ND NCT00437580 Culture based 33
2010 The Netherlands Multiple strains SOC ARE, VRE Adults 436 ND Culture and Genotype 34
2011 New Zealand Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 Placebo MDR E coli Adults 69 ND Culture based 35
2011 Poland L. rhamnosus GG Placebo VRE Pediatric 61 + Culture based 36
2014 United States Lactobacillus acidophilus and B lactis Placebo ESBL organisms Adults 80 ND PCR 37
2014 United States L rhamnosus HN001 Placebo MRSA, VRE Adults 48 ND* NCT01112995 Culture based 38
2014 China Multiple strains Placebo ESBL Preterm infants 257 + Culture based 39
2015 United States L rhamnosus GG Placebo VRE Adults 11 ND NCT00756262 Culture based 40
2015 Thailand Lactobacillus casei SOC MDRO Airway Adults 150 ND* Culture based 41
2015 United States L rhamnosus GG SOC MDRO Adults 70 ND Culture based 42
2016 United States VSL#3 Placebo VRE Adults 50 ND NCT00933556 Culture based 43
2018 United States L rhamnosus HN001 Placebo MRSA, MSSA Adults 113 ND NCT01321606 PCR 44
2018 Norway L acidophilus SOC MDRO Preterm Infants 76 ND NCT02197468 DNA extraction 45
2019 Iran Multiple strains SOC MDRO Adults 120 ND* Culture based 46
2019 Denmark L rhamnosus GG SOC ESBL-E, CPE Adults 61 ND Culture based 47
2019 Sweden Viomixx SOC ESBL-E Adults 80 ND NCT03860415 Culture based 48
2020 Turkey L rhamnosus GG SOC VRE Newborn 45 + Culture based 49
Synbiotics
2014 Spain SOC MDRO Adults 89 ND Culture based 50
2016 Brazil Placebo MDR enterics 116 ND Culture based 51
+

= statistically significant reduction in drug-resistant organism of interest in treatment group; ARE = ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium; CPE = carbapenemas-producing Enterobacteriaceae; ESBL = extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; ESBL-E = extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli; MDR = multidrug-resistant; MDRO = multidrug resistant organism; MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; ND= no difference; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; SOC = standard of care; VRE = vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.

*

Trend toward decreased colonization with drug-resistant pathogens in treatment groups; not significantly different between groups.