Table 1.
Demographics, clinical measures, and covariates1
| Data Set 1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FEP (n = 55) | HC (n = 41) | t/χ 2 | p value | |
| Gender (%male) | 65.4 | 65.8 | 0.002 | .968 |
| Age | 24.18 (6.27) | 24.73 (6.29) | 0.425 | .672 |
| Socioeconomic status2 | 5.80 (4.83)3 | 4.12 (4.03) | 12.349 | .499 |
| Smoking (packs per day) | 0.23 (0.34)4 | 0.03 (0.10)4 | −4.020 | < .001 |
| BPRS Total | 51.64 (11.89) | |||
| Positive | 11.78 (3.47) | |||
| Negative | 6.20 (3.36) | |||
| RBANS5 Total | 75.67 (15.04) | 94.83 (11.14) | 6.368 | < .001 |
| Immediate Memory | 83.02 (18.37) | 102.11 (16.17) | 4.914 | < .001 |
| Visuospatial/Constructional | 76.40 (17.20) | 84.94 (13.85) | 2.421 | .018 |
| Language | 83.73 (16.21) | 99.46 (15.17) | 4.483 | < .001 |
| Attention | 81.56 (16.38) | 102.57 (17.49) | 5.608 | < .001 |
| Delayed Memory | 79.69 (13.26) | 93.11 (9.28) | 5.139 | < .001 |
| Resting state fMRI | ||||
| % of volumes retained after scrubbing | 93.77 (6.97) | 97.32 (3.63) | −3.232 | .002 |
| Framewise displacement (mm) | 0.32 (0.19) | 0.22 (0.10) | −3.279 | .002 |
| MRS6 | ||||
| Glx | 10.87 (2.56) | 10.19 (1.42) | −1.492 | .140 |
| NAA | 15.61 (1.19) | 15.91 (1.50) | 1.003 | .319 |
| Signal to noise ratio | 9.40 (1.70) | 9.73 (1.52) | 0.923 | .359 |
| Full width at half maximum | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.00) | −1.787 | .078 |
| Glx Cramér–Rao lower bound | 14.41 (4.37) | 13.92 (3.84) | −0.523 | .602 |
| NAA Cramér–Rao lower bound | 1.96 (0.58) | 2.00 (0.38) | 1.003 | .319 |
| Voxel gray matter content | 60.21 (4.04) | 59.43 (4.79) | −0.790 | .432 |
| Voxel white matter content | 35.25 (5.05) | 36.01 (5.65) | 0.635 | .527 |
| Data Set 2 | ||||
| SZ (n = 42) | HC (n = 41) | t/χ 2 | p value | |
| Gender (%male) | 71.4 | 75.6 | .186 | .666 |
| Age | 27.64 (9.61) | 28.73 (9.37) | .522 | .603 |
| Socioeconomic status2 | 6.62 (5.81)3 | 5.27 (4.23) | −15.790 | .261 |
| Smoking (packs per day) | 0.32 (0.48) | 0.26 (0.47) | −.534 | .595 |
| APD naïve (yes/ no) | 27/15 | |||
| BPRS Total | 49.67 (9.18) | |||
| Positive | 9.74 (3.49) | |||
| Negative | 7.52 (9.18) | |||
| RBANS5 Total | 70.70 (14.87) | 91.61 (13.20) | 6.697 | < .001 |
| Immediate Memory | 77.90 (17.06) | 97.39 (14.33) | 5.573 | < .001 |
| Visuospatial/Constructional | 70.28 (15.81) | 84.37 (17.73) | 3.772 | < .001 |
| Language | 83.65 (11.67) | 98.78 (15.10) | 5.038 | < .001 |
| Attention | 77.10 (21.91) | 95.80 (18.51) | 4.155 | < .001 |
| Delayed Memory | 73.83 (20.22) | 92.71 (9.30) | 5.378 | < .001 |
| Resting state fMRI | ||||
| % of volumes retained after scrubbing | 93.11 (7.64) | 96.96 (3.81) | −2.919 | .005 |
| Framewise displacement (mm) | 0.29 (0.14) | 0.36 (.19) | −1.949 | .055 |
Abbreviations: FEP first episode psychosis patients; SZ patients with schizophrenia; HC healthy controls; APD antipsychotic drug; NAA N-acetylaspartate; BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (positive subscale included conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, and unusual thought content; negative subscale included emotional withdrawal, motor retardation, and blunted affect); RBANS Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Glx glutamate + glutamine; NAA N-acetylaspartate; fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Mean (standard deviation) unless indicated otherwise.
Parental socioeconomic ranks determined from Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (1–18 scale); higher rank (lower numerical value) corresponds to higher socioeconomic status.
Data Set 1: Data not available for 10 FEP subjects; n=45; Data Set 2: Data not available for 2 SZ subjects; n=39
Data Set 1: Data not available for 4 FEP subjects or 2 HC; FEP n=51, HC n = 39.
Data Set 1: Data not available for 7 FEP subjects or 6 HC; FEP n=48, HC n = 35; Data Set 2: Data not available for 1 SZ subject; SZ n=40.
Data not available for 12 FEP subjects or 4 HC; FEP n=43, HC n = 37