(A) Detection of mucin in Alcian blue stained transverse colon tissue. Mucin secreted from crypt layer cells was stained with Alcian blue at pH 2.5, and images were observed at 100× magnification. Four to six rats per group were used in the preparation of tissue slide, and Alcian blue staining analysis was performed in duplicate in each slide. (B) RT-qPCR analyses for MUC2, AQP3 and AQP8. The levels of MUC2, AQP3 and AQP8 transcripts in the total mRNA of transverse colons were measured by RT-qPCR using specific primers. The mRNA levels of three genes were calculated, based on the intensity of actin as an endogenous control. Four to six rats per group were used the preparation of total RNA, RT-qPCR analyses were assayed in duplicate for each sample. The data are reported as the mean ± SD. *, p<0.05 compared to the No treated group. #, p<0.05 compared to the Lop+Vehicle treated group. Abbreviations: Lop, Loperamide; RT-qPCR, Quantitative real time-PCR; MUC2, Mucin 2; AQP, Aquaporin.