Expression levels of mAChRs and key mediators, including mAChR M2, mAChR M3, Gα, PKC, p-PKC, PI3K and p-PI3K, in the mAChR M2 and M3 signaling pathway were measured by Western blot analysis using specific primary antibodies and HRP-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody. After the intensity of each band was determined using an imaging densitometer, relative levels of the seven proteins were calculated based on the intensity of actin. Four to six rats per group were used in the preparation of the total tissue homogenate, and Western blot analyses were assayed in duplicate in each sample. The data are reported as the mean ± SD. *, p<0.05 compared to the No treated group. #, p<0.05 compared to the Lop+Vehicle treated group. Abbreviations: Lop, Loperamide; mAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors; PKC, Protein kinase C; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinases; HRP, Horseradish peroxidase; IgG, Immunoglobulin G.