Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to significant intraoperative bleeding.
Entire population | IPW | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No significant bleeding (N = 13416) | Significant bleeding (N = 2510) | ASD | No significant bleeding (N = 13370.5) | Significant bleeding (N = 2644.5) | ASD | |
Male sex | 8133 (60.6) | 1562 (62.2) | 3.3 | 8145.0 (60.9) | 1658.9 (62.7) | 3.7 |
Age (years) | 61.7 (±13.5) | 60.0 (±13.5) | 12.4 | 61.5 (±13.6) | 62.2 (±13.3) | 5.0 |
Preoperative anemia | 4949 (36.9) | 1646 (65.6) | 59.9 | 5497.0 (41.1) | 1064.8 (40.3) | 1.7 |
Diabetes | 7890 (58.8) | 1748 (69.6) | 22.7 | 8019.3 (60.0) | 1446.4 (54.7) | 10.7 |
Hypertension | 7290 (54.3) | 1424 (56.7) | 4.8 | 7331.9 (54.8) | 1436.0 (54.3) | 1.1 |
Current smoking | 1362 (10.2) | 236 (9.4) | 2.5 | 1337.6 (10.0) | 282.8 (10.7) | 2.3 |
Current alcohol | 2798 (20.9) | 360 (14.3) | 17.2 | 2639.6 (19.7) | 556.3 (21.0) | 3.2 |
Chronic kidney disease | 680 (5.1) | 332 (13.2) | 28.6 | 850.8 (6.4) | 166.3 (6.3) | 0.3 |
History of ischemic heart disease | 1913 (14.3) | 365 (14.5) | 0.8 | 1939.1 (14.5) | 395.5 (15.0) | 1.3 |
History of heart failure | 282 (2.1) | 45 (1.8) | 2.2 | 277.8 (2.1) | 51.3 (1.9) | 1.0 |
History of stroke | 938 (7.0) | 161 (6.4) | 2.3 | 926.8 (6.9) | 176.3 (6.7) | 1.1 |
History of arrhythmia | 882 (6.6) | 161 (6.4) | 0.6 | 875.4 (6.5) | 179.4 (6.8) | 0.9 |
History of heart valve disease | 149 (1.1) | 21 (0.8) | 2.8 | 143.2 (1.1) | 25.9 (1.0) | 0.9 |
Active cancer | 7422 (55.3) | 1112 (44.3) | 22.2 | 7216.2 (54.0) | 1555.1 (58.8) | 9.8 |
Preoperative care | ||||||
RBC transfusion | 608 (4.5) | 151 (6.0) | 6.6 | 638.0 (4.8) | 123.2 (4.7) | 0.5 |
Intensive care unit | 424 (3.2) | 278 (11.1) | 31.2 | 574.7 (4.3) | 111.4 (4.2) | 0.4 |
ECMO | 0 | 1 (0.0) | 2.8 | 0 | 0.2 (0.0) | 1.1 |
Continuous renal replacement therapy | 18 (0.1) | 54 (2.2) | 19.1 | 54.7 (0.4) | 11.3 (0.4) | 0.3 |
Ventilator | 67 (0.5) | 56 (2.2) | 15.0 | 101.2 (0.8) | 18.9 (0.7) | 0.5 |
Operative variables | ||||||
ESC/ESA surgical high risk | 3997 (29.8) | 1258 (50.1) | 42.4 | 4306.0 (32.2) | 748.8 (28.3) | 8.5 |
Emergency operation | 1521 (11.3) | 549 (21.9) | 28.6 | 1745.6 (13.1) | 354.4 (13.4) | 1.0 |
General anesthesia | 13305 (99.2) | 2500 (99.6) | 5.5 | 13267.8 (99.2) | 2610.5 (98.7) | 5.2 |
Operation duration, hours | 3.94 (±2.14) | 5.57 (±2.86) | 64.4 | 4.20(±2.51 | 4.16±2.20) | 1.7 |
Continuous infusion of inotropes | 4592 (34.2) | 1278 (50.9) | 34.2 | 4855.3 (36.3) | 798.6 (30.2) | 13.0 |
Types of surgery | >0.99 | |||||
Vascular | 981 (7.3) | 169 (6.7) | ||||
Orthopediatric | 667 (5.0) | 146 (5.8) | ||||
Neuro | 3317 (24.7) | 166 (6.6) | ||||
Breast or Endo | 148 (1.1) | 22 (0.9) | ||||
Plastic or otolaryngeal or eye | 279 (2.1) | 53 (2.1) | ||||
Transplantation | 300 (2.2) | 768 (30.6) | ||||
Gynecology or urology | 823 (6.1) | 258 (10.3) | ||||
Gastrointestinal | 4559 (34.0) | 741 (29.5) | ||||
Noncardiac thoracic | 2328 (17.4) | 184 (7.3) | ||||
Other | 14 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean (±standard deviation).
IPW, inverse probability weighting; ASD, absolute standardized mean difference; RBC, red blood cell; ECMO, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; ESA, European Society of Anesthesiology.