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. 2021 Feb 24;16(2):e0241114. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241114

Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to significant intraoperative bleeding.

Entire population IPW
No significant bleeding (N = 13416) Significant bleeding (N = 2510) ASD No significant bleeding (N = 13370.5) Significant bleeding (N = 2644.5) ASD
Male sex 8133 (60.6) 1562 (62.2) 3.3 8145.0 (60.9) 1658.9 (62.7) 3.7
Age (years) 61.7 (±13.5) 60.0 (±13.5) 12.4 61.5 (±13.6) 62.2 (±13.3) 5.0
Preoperative anemia 4949 (36.9) 1646 (65.6) 59.9 5497.0 (41.1) 1064.8 (40.3) 1.7
Diabetes 7890 (58.8) 1748 (69.6) 22.7 8019.3 (60.0) 1446.4 (54.7) 10.7
Hypertension 7290 (54.3) 1424 (56.7) 4.8 7331.9 (54.8) 1436.0 (54.3) 1.1
Current smoking 1362 (10.2) 236 (9.4) 2.5 1337.6 (10.0) 282.8 (10.7) 2.3
Current alcohol 2798 (20.9) 360 (14.3) 17.2 2639.6 (19.7) 556.3 (21.0) 3.2
Chronic kidney disease 680 (5.1) 332 (13.2) 28.6 850.8 (6.4) 166.3 (6.3) 0.3
History of ischemic heart disease 1913 (14.3) 365 (14.5) 0.8 1939.1 (14.5) 395.5 (15.0) 1.3
History of heart failure 282 (2.1) 45 (1.8) 2.2 277.8 (2.1) 51.3 (1.9) 1.0
History of stroke 938 (7.0) 161 (6.4) 2.3 926.8 (6.9) 176.3 (6.7) 1.1
History of arrhythmia 882 (6.6) 161 (6.4) 0.6 875.4 (6.5) 179.4 (6.8) 0.9
History of heart valve disease 149 (1.1) 21 (0.8) 2.8 143.2 (1.1) 25.9 (1.0) 0.9
Active cancer 7422 (55.3) 1112 (44.3) 22.2 7216.2 (54.0) 1555.1 (58.8) 9.8
Preoperative care
    RBC transfusion 608 (4.5) 151 (6.0) 6.6 638.0 (4.8) 123.2 (4.7) 0.5
    Intensive care unit 424 (3.2) 278 (11.1) 31.2 574.7 (4.3) 111.4 (4.2) 0.4
    ECMO 0 1 (0.0) 2.8 0 0.2 (0.0) 1.1
    Continuous renal replacement therapy 18 (0.1) 54 (2.2) 19.1 54.7 (0.4) 11.3 (0.4) 0.3
    Ventilator 67 (0.5) 56 (2.2) 15.0 101.2 (0.8) 18.9 (0.7) 0.5
Operative variables
    ESC/ESA surgical high risk 3997 (29.8) 1258 (50.1) 42.4 4306.0 (32.2) 748.8 (28.3) 8.5
    Emergency operation 1521 (11.3) 549 (21.9) 28.6 1745.6 (13.1) 354.4 (13.4) 1.0
    General anesthesia 13305 (99.2) 2500 (99.6) 5.5 13267.8 (99.2) 2610.5 (98.7) 5.2
    Operation duration, hours 3.94 (±2.14) 5.57 (±2.86) 64.4 4.20(±2.51 4.16±2.20) 1.7
    Continuous infusion of inotropes 4592 (34.2) 1278 (50.9) 34.2 4855.3 (36.3) 798.6 (30.2) 13.0
Types of surgery >0.99
    Vascular 981 (7.3) 169 (6.7)
    Orthopediatric 667 (5.0) 146 (5.8)
    Neuro 3317 (24.7) 166 (6.6)
    Breast or Endo 148 (1.1) 22 (0.9)
    Plastic or otolaryngeal or eye 279 (2.1) 53 (2.1)
    Transplantation 300 (2.2) 768 (30.6)
    Gynecology or urology 823 (6.1) 258 (10.3)
    Gastrointestinal 4559 (34.0) 741 (29.5)
    Noncardiac thoracic 2328 (17.4) 184 (7.3)
    Other 14 (0.1) 3 (0.1)

Data are presented as n (%) or mean (±standard deviation).

IPW, inverse probability weighting; ASD, absolute standardized mean difference; RBC, red blood cell; ECMO, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; ESA, European Society of Anesthesiology.