Table 1.
Patient Characteristics of the COVID-19Primary Cohort Stratified by In-Hospital AF/AFL and New AF/AFL
| All Patients (N = 3,970) | n | No AF/AFL (n = 3,595) | In-Hospital AF/AFL |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All AF/AFL (n = 375) | p Value | New-Onset AF/AFL (n = 146) | p Value | ||||
| Baseline demographics | |||||||
| Age, yrs | 66 (55–77) | 3,970 | 65 (54–76) | 77 (68–85) | <0.01 | 74 (68-84) | <0.01 |
| Male | 2,288 (57.6) | 3,970 | 2,063 (57.4) | 225 (60.0) | 0.33 | 90 (61.6) | 0.31 |
| Race/ethnicity | 3,970 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Caucasian | 946 (23.8) | 792 (22.0) | 154 (41.1) | 55 (37.7) | |||
| African-American | 1,107 (27.9) | 1,025 (28.5) | 82 (21.9) | 33 (22.6) | |||
| Asian | 208 (5.2) | 189 (5.3) | 19 (5.1) | 9 (6.2) | |||
| Hispanic | 1,240 (31.2) | 1,154 (32.1) | 86 (22.9) | 30 (20.6) | |||
| Other or unknown | 469 (11.8) | 435 (12.1) | 34 (9.1) | 19 (13.0) | |||
| Obesity | 1,312 (33.1) | 3,970 | 1,177 (32.7) | 135 (36.0) | 0.20 | 50 (34.3) | 0.70 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.8 (24.2–32.6) | 3,580 | 27.9 (24.3–32.6) | 27.4 (23.4–32.9) | 0.38 | 27.4 (23.8-32.4) | 0.93 |
| CHF | 271 (6.8) | 3,970 | 177 (4.9) | 94 (25.1) | <0.01 | 6 (4.11) | 0.66 |
| Prior atrial arrhythmias | 3,970 | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 339 (8.5) | 110 (3.1) | 229 (61.1) | <0.01 | |||
| Atrial flutter | 57 (1.4) | 13 (0.4) | 44 (11.7) | <0.01 | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 326 (8.2) | 104 (2.9) | 222 (59.2) | <0.01 | |||
| CAD | 410 (10.4) | 3,970 | 320 (9) | 90 (24) | <0.01 | 13 (8.9) | 0.68 |
| Hypertension | 1,367 (34.4) | 3,970 | 1,159 (32.2) | 208 (55.5) | <0.01 | 50 (34.3) | 0.61 |
| Diabetes | 976 (24.6) | 3,970 | 851 (23.7) | 125 (33.3) | <0.01 | 36 (24.7) | 0.78 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 160 (4.0) | 3,970 | 123 (3.4) | 37 (9.9) | <0.01 | 7 (4.8) | 0.38 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 446 (11.2) | 3,970 | 368 (10.2) | 78 (20.8) | <0.01 | 20 (13.7) | 0.18 |
| Chronic liver disease | 79 (2.1) | 3,970 | 74 (2.1) | 5 (1.3) | 0.34 | 0 (0.0) | 0.12a |
| HIV | 68 (1.7) | 3,970 | 61 (1.7) | 7 (1.9) | 0.81 | 1 (0.7) | 0.52a |
| COPD | 157 (4.0) | 3,970 | 122 (3.4) | 35 (9.3) | <0.01 | 3 (2.1) | 0.49a |
| Asthma | 185 (4.7) | 3,970 | 166 (4.6) | 19 (5.1) | 0.70 | 3 (2.1) | 0.22a |
| OSA | 70 (1.8) | 3,970 | 57 (1.6) | 13 (3.5) | 0.01 | 1 (0.7) | 0.73a |
| Smoking | 3,970 | <0.01 | 0.35 | ||||
| Current | 152 (3.8) | 135 (3.8) | 17 (4.5) | 8 (5.5) | |||
| Past | 815 (20.5) | 696 (19.4) | 119 (31.7) | 23 (15.8) | |||
| Never | 3,003 (75.6) | 2,764 (76.9) | 239 (63.7) | 115 (78.8) | |||
| Hospitalization vital signs | |||||||
| Peak heart rate, beats/min | 96.0 (84.0-110.0) | 3,942 | 96.0 (84.0-110.0) | 96.0 (84.0-110.0) | 0.07 | 99.5 (82.0-117.0) | 0.13 |
| Max temperature, °F | 101.0 (99.8-102.4) | 3,942 | 101.0 (99.8-102.4) | 101.1 (99.8-102.5) | 0.87 | 101.5 (99.9-102.8) | 0.11 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| White blood cell count, × 10⁹/l | 7.6 (5.5-10.6) | 3,965 | 7.6 (5.5-10.5) | 7.9 (5.6-11.4) | 0.24 | 8.7 (5.8-12.0) | 0.13 |
| Neutrophil count, • 10⁹/l | 6.3 (4.1-9.7) | 2,550 | 6.2 (4.1-9.6) | 6.6 (4.1-10.5) | 0.75 | 7.8 (4.4-11.6) | 0.04 |
| Lymphocyte count, • 10⁹/l | 0.90 (0.6-1.2) | 2,158 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 0.8 (0.5-1.1) | 0.01 | 0.8 (0.5-1.0) | 0.02 |
| Hemoglobin, g/l | 13.4 (11.9-14.6) | 2,067 | 13.4 (12.0-14.6) | 13.1 (10.7-14.6) | 0.09 | 13.3 (11.0-14.9) | 0.63 |
| Platelet count, • 10⁹/l | 207.0 (159.0-272.0) | 3,963 | 209.0 (160.0-274.0) | 196.0 (150.0-256.0) | 0.02 | 195.5 (150.0-259.0) | 0.14 |
| Nadir platelet count, • 10⁹/l | 175.0 (130.0-234.0) | 3,963 | 178.0 (134.0-236.0) | 146.0 (110.0-204.0) | <0.01 | 146.5 (112.0-191.0) | <0.01 |
| Albumin, g/l | 3.2 (2.9-3.6) | 3,855 | 3.2 (2.9-3.6) | 3.1 (2.7-3.4) | <0.01 | 3.1 (2.8-3.5) | <0.01 |
| ALT, U/l | 31.0 (19.0-54.0) | 3,835 | 31.0 (19.0-54.0) | 27.0 (17.0-47.0) | 0.02 | 29.0 (19.0-57.0) | 0.32 |
| AST, U/l | 44.0 (30.0-72.0) | 3,840 | 44.0 (30.0-71.0) | 41.0 (28.0-74.5) | 0.34 | 47.0 (31.0-80.0) | 0.33 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/l | 436.0 (331.0-588.0) | 3,298 | 435.0 (332.0-587.0) | 440.0 (325.0-605.0) | 0.69 | 481.5 (371.0-648.0) | 0.07 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 1.06 (0.80-1.64) | 3,925 | 1.03 (0.80-1.61) | 1.27 (0.91-1.99) | <0.01 | 1.2 (0.9-1.9) | 0.05 |
| D-dimer | |||||||
| On admission, μg/ml | 1.54 (0.86-2.90) | 3,046 | 1.53 (0.85-2.87) | 1.61 (0.93-3.04) | 0.43 | 1.9 (1.0-3.3) | 0.02 |
| Peak level, μg/ml | 2.28 (1.22-5.10) | 2,653 | 2.25 (1.20-5.00) | 2.65 (1.54-6.24) | 0.01 | 3.7 (1.8-8.1) | 0.02 |
| Troponin-I | |||||||
| On admission, ng/ml | 0.03 (0.02-0.11) | 2,588 | 0.03 (0.02-0.10) | 0.06 (0.03-0.17) | <0.01 | 0.1 (0.0-0.2) | <0.01 |
| Peak level, ng/ml | 0.07 (0.02-0.25) | 2,253 | 0.06 (0.02-0.23) | 0.14 (0.05-0.53) | <0.01 | 0.2 (0.1-0.6) | <0.01 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/ml | 69.3 (27.2-214.4) | 2,321 | 56.4 (25.4-174.8) | 200.1 (86.8-557.5) | <0.01 | 124.8 (48.8-289.9) | <0.01 |
| Serum ferritin, μg/ml | 767.0 (359.0-1826.5) | 3,396 | 768.0 (360.0-1827.0) | 729.0 (340.0-1795.0) | 0.63 | 832.0 (447.0-2012.0) | 0.54 |
| C-reactive protein | |||||||
| On admission, mg/l | 117.1 (58.9-198.8) | 2,007 | 118.1 (59.0-198.8) | 106.3 (58.2-195.9) | 0.24 | 111.4 (59.3-213.4) | 0.43 |
| Peak level, mg/l | 176.3 (94.1-271.2) | 2,002 | 175.1 (93.2-270.4) | 186.5 (101.9-284.6) | 0.34 | 232.4 (157.9-312.1) | 0.01 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 0.20 (0.08-0.66) | 3,236 | 0.20 (0.08-0.63) | 0.25 (0.09-0.84) | 0.06 | 0.3 (0.1-0.9) | 0.09 |
| IL-6, pg/ml | 68.5 (34.2-137.0) | 2,197 | 67.8 (33.6-135.2) | 83.2 (39.4-154.0) | 0.02 | 93.5 (56.2-198.2) | 0.01 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 62.0 (38.0-88.0) | 1,903 | 63.0 (38.0-88.0) | 58.5 (35.0-85.0) | 0.09 | 60.0 (36.0-95.0) | 0.43 |
| Nadir PaCO2, mm Hg | 33.0 (28.0-38.8) | 1,123 | 33.0 (28.3-39.0) | 31.3 (26.0-37.9) | 0.05 | 30.4 (28.0-38.7) | 0.01 |
Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%).
AF = atrial fibrillation; AFL = atrial flutter; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; CAD = coronary artery disease; CHF = congestive heart failure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease-2019; IL = interleukin; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; PaCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; TIA = transient ischemic attack.
a
Fisher exact test. Values in bold indicate a p value ≤ 0.05.