Table 5.
Arboviral Disease History in Nonindex Participants ≥18 Years Old Relative to Their Serological Statusa
| Arboviral Disease History | ZIKV+/CHIKV+ % (N/Total) | ZIKV+/CHIKV− % (N/Total) | ZIKV−/CHIKV+ % (N/total) | ZIKV−/CHIKV− % (N/Total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member of a Nonsexual Dyad | ||||
| Reported Having Had Arboviral Disease | 84.2 (16/19) ▲ | 41.9 (13/31) ▼,△,^ | 87.5 (14/16) ▲ | 15.8 (3/19) ▼,▽ |
| Female | 90.0 (9/10) | 40.0 (10/25) | 81.8 (9/11) | 14.3 (2/14) |
| Male | 77.8 (7/9) | 50.0 (3/6) | 100.0 (5/5) | 20.0 (1/5) |
| 18–50 years | 87.5 (7/8) | 56.3 (9/16) | 88.9 (8/9) | 13.3 (2/15) |
| >50 years | 81.8 (9/11) | 26.7 (4/15) | 85.7 (6/7) | 25.0 (1/4) |
| Symptoms During Disease | ||||
| Fever | 81.2 (13/16) | 76.9 (10/13) | 100.0 (14/14) | 100.0 (3/3) |
| Female | 88.9 (8/9) | 80.0 (8/10) | 100.0 (9/9) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| Male | 71.4 (5/7) | 66.7 (2/3) | 100.0 (5/5) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 71.4 (5/7) | 77.8 (7/9) | 100.0 (8/8) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| >50 years | 88.9 (8/9) | 75.0 (3/4) | 100.0 (6/6) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| Rash | 62.5 (10/16) | 84.6 (11/13) ▲ | 42.8 (6/14) ▼ | 100.0 (3/3) |
| Female | 55.5 (5/9) | 90.0 (9/10) | 55.5 (5/9) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| Male | 71.4 (5/7) | 66.7 (2/3) | 20.0 (1/5) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 71.4 (5/7) | 88.9 (8/9) | 25.0 (2/8) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| >50 years | 55.6 (5/9) | 75.0 (3/4) | 66.7 (4/6) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| Myalgia | 87.5 (14/16) | 84.6 (11/13) | 92.8 (13/14) | 66.7 (2/3) |
| Female | 100.0 (9/9) | 100.0 (10/10)↑ | 100.0 (9/9) | 50.0 (1/2) |
| Male | 71.4 (5/7) | 33.3 (1/3)↓ | 80.0 (4/5) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 100.0 (7/7) | 77.8 (7/9) | 87.5 (7/8) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| >50 years | 77.8 (7/9) | 100.0 (4/4) | 100.0 (6/6) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Arthralgia | 80.0 (12/15) | 83.3 (10/12) | 85.7 (12/14) | 66.7 (2/3) |
| Female | 100.0 (9/9) | 100.0 (9/9)↑ | 88.9 (8/9) | 50.0 (1/2) |
| Male | 50.0 (3/6) | 33.3 (1/3)↓ | 80.0 (4/5) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 85.7 (6/7) | 77.8 (7/9) | 87.5 (7/8) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| >50 years | 75.0 (6/8) | 100.0 (3/3) | 83.3 (5/6) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Redness in the Eye or Retroorbital Pain | 43.7 (7/16) | 61.5 (8/13) | 42.8 (6/14) | 33.3 (1/3) |
| Female | 44.4 (4/9) | 70.0 (7/10) | 44.4 (4/9) | 0.0 (0/2) |
| Male | 42.8 (3/7) | 33.3 (1/3) | 40.0 (2/5) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 57.1 (4/7) | 55.6 (5/9) | 25.0 (2/8) | 50.0 (1/2) |
| >50 years | 33.3 (3/9) | 75.0 (3/4) | 66.7 (4/6) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Photophobia | 62.5 (10/16) ^ | 61.5 (8/13) | 42.8 (6/14) | 33.3 (1/3) |
| Female | 77.8 (7/9) | 60.0 (6/10) | 55.5 (5/9) | 0.0 (0/2) |
| Male | 42.8 (3/7) | 66.7 (2/3) | 20.0 (1/5) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 71.4 (5/7) | 66.7 (6/9) | 50.0 (4/8) | 50.0 (1/2) |
| >50 years | 55.6 (5/9) | 50.0 (2/4) | 33.3 (2/6) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Went to the Doctor When Having the Disease | 81.3 (13/16) | 69.2 (9/13) | 64.3 (9/14) | 66.7 (2/3) |
| Female | 77.8 (7/9) | 70.0 (7/10) | 77.8 (7/9) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| Male | 85.7 (6/7) | 66.7 (2/3) | 40.0 (2/5) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| 18–50 years | 71.4 (5/7) | 66.7 (6/9) | 37.5 (3/8)↓ | 50.0 (1/2) |
| >50 years | 88.9 (8/9) | 75.0 (3/4) | 100.0 (6/6)↑ | 100.0 (1/1) |
| Hospitalized | 12.5 (2/16) | 0.0 (0/9) | 0.0 (0/9) | 0.0 (0/2) |
| Female | 22.2 (2/9) | - | - | - |
| Male | 0.0 (0/7) | - | - | - |
| 18–50 years | 14.3 (1/7) | - | - | - |
| >50 years | 11.1 (1/9) | - | - | - |
| Clinical Diagnosis | 100.0 (13/13) | 100.0 (9/9) | 88.9 (8/9) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| Dengue | 30.8 (4/13) | 44.4 (4/9) | 11.1 (1/9) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| Zika | 7.7 (1/13) | 11.1 (1/9) | 0.0 (0/9) | 0.0 (0/2) |
| Chikungunya | 61.5 (8/13) | 44.4 (4/9) | 77.8 (7/9) | 0.0 (0/2) |
| Member of a Sexual Dyad | ||||
| Reported Having Had Arboviral Disease | 71.4 (20/28) ▲ | 19.3 (6/31) ▼ | 85.0 (17/20) ▲ | 14.3 (4/28) ▼ |
| Female | 76.5 (13/17) | 0.0 (0/14)↓ | 88.9 (8/9) | 23.1 (3/13) |
| Male | 63.6 (7/11) | 35.3 (6/17)↑ | 81.8 (9/11) | 6.7 (1/15) |
| 18–50 years | 75.0 (18/24) | 16.7 (4/24) | 81.3 (13/16) | 14.3 (3/21) |
| >50 years | 50.0 (2/4) | 28.6 (2/7) | 100.0 (4/4) | 14.3 (1/7) |
| Symptoms During Disease | ||||
| Fever | 80.0 (16/20) | 83.3 (5/6) | 88.2 (15/17) | 75.0 (3/4) |
| Female | 76.9 (10/13) | - | 100.0 (8/8) | 100.0 (3/3) |
| Male | 85.7 (6/7) | 83.3 (5/6) | 77.8 (7/9) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| 18–50 years | 77.8 (14/18) | 100.0 (4/4) | 84.6 (11/13) | 100.0 (3/3) |
| >50 years | 100.0 (2/2) | 50.0 (1/2) | 100.0 (4/4) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Rash | 70.0 (14/20) | 66.7 (4/6) | 52.9 (9/17) | 25.0 (1/4) |
| Female | 76.9 (10/13) | - | 75.0 (6/8) | 33.3 (1/3) |
| Male | 57.1 (4/7) | 66.7 (4/6) | 33.3 (3/9) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| 18–50 years | 66.7 (12/18) | 75.0 (3/4) | 53.8 (7/13) | 33.3 (1/3) |
| >50 years | 100.0 (2/2) | 50.0 (1/2) | 50.0 (2/4) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Myalgia | 100.0 (19/19) | 100.0 (6/6) | 94.1 (16/17) | 100.0 (4/4) |
| Female | 100.0 (12/12) | - | 87.5 (7/8) | 100.0 (3/3) |
| Male | 100.0 (7/7) | 100.0 (6/6) | 100.0 (9/9) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 100.0 (17/17) | 100.0 (4/4) | 100.0 (13/13) | 100.0 (3/3) |
| >50 years | 100.0 (2/2) | 100.0 (2/2) | 75.0 (3/4) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| Arthralgia | 95.0 (19/20) | 100.0 (6/6) | 94.1 (16/17) | 100.0 (4/4) |
| Female | 92.3 (12/13) | - | 100.0 (8/8) | 100.0 (3/3) |
| Male | 100.0 (7/7) | 100.0 (6/6) | 88.9 (8/9) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| 18–50 years | 94.4 (17/18) | 100.0 (4/4) | 92.3 (12/13) | 100.0 (3/3) |
| >50 years | 100.0 (2/2) | 100.0 (2/2) | 100.0 (4/4) | 100.0 (1/1) |
| Redness in the Eye or Retroorbital Pain | 35.0 (7/20) | 50.0 (3/6) | 29.1 (5/17) | 0.0 (0/4) |
| Female | 38.5 (5/13) | - | 25.0 (2/8) | - |
| Male | 28.6 (2/7) | 50.0 (3/6) | 33.3 (3/9) | - |
| 18–50 years | 38.9 (7/18) | 75.0 (3/4) | 23.1 (3/13) | 0.0 (0/3) |
| >50 years | 0.0 (0/2) | 0.0 (0/2) | 50.0 (2/4) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Photophobia | 30.0 (6/20) | 80.0 (4/6) | 47.1 (8/17) | 0.0 (0/4) |
| Female | 38.5 (5/13) | - | 50.0 (4/8) | - |
| Male | 14.3 (1/7) | 66.7 (4/6) | 44.4 (4/9) | - |
| 18–50 years | 33.3 (6/18) | 75.0 (3/4) | 46.2 (6/13) | 0.0 (0/3) |
| >50 years | 0.0 (0/2) | 5.0 (1/2) | 50.0 (2/4) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Went to the Doctor When Having the Disease | 75.0 (15/20) | 66.7 (4/6) | 64.7 (11/17) | 50.0 (2/4) |
| Female | 69.2 (9/13) | - | 50.0 (4/8) | 66.7 (2/3) |
| Male | 85.7 (6/7) | 66.7 (4/6) | 77.8 (7/9) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| 18–50 years | 77.8 (14/18) | 75.0 (3/4) | 61.5 (8/13) | 66.7 (2/3) |
| >50 years | 50.0 (1/2) | 50.0 (1/2) | 75.0 (3/4) | 0.0 (0/1) |
| Hospitalized | 0.0 (0/15) | 0.0 (0/4) | 0.0 (0/11) | 0.0 (0/2) |
| Female | - | - | - | - |
| Male | - | - | - | - |
| 18–50 years | - | - | - | - |
| >50 years | - | - | - | - |
| Clinical Diagnosis | 86.7 (13/15) | 100.0 (4/4) | 100.0 (11/11) | 100.0 (2/2) |
| Dengue | 13.3 (2/15) | 0.0 (0/4) | 36.4 (4/11) | 50.0 (1/2) |
| Zika | 6.7 (1/15) | 25.0 (1/4) | 0.0 (0/11) | 0.0 (0/2) |
| Chikungunya | 66.7 (10/15) | 75.0 (3/4) | 63.6 (7/11) | 50.0 (1/2) |
Values significantly or marginally different are indicated in bold.
Abbreviations: CHIKV, chikungunya virus; ZIKV, Zika virus.
aDetermination of seropositivity was from ZIKV plaque reduction neutralization test resulting in a 50% plaque reduction (PRNT50) and CHIKV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
▲ vs ▼ Significantly or △ vs ▽ marginally different between serology groups (row data). ↑ vs ↓ Significantly different between females vs males or 18–50 vs >50 years old (column data). ^ vs Marginally different between nonsexual and sexual dyad (column data). Significantly different, P ≤ .05; marginally different, P ≤ .1. Differences between proportions was analyzed by Fisher’s exact test.