Table 2.
Neuro-psycological results of the PD patients and normal controls.
| Normal group | Patients with PD (n = 88) | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 47) | PDN (n = 25) | PD-MCI (n = 25) | PDD (n = 38) | |||
| Attention function | ||||||
| Digit span | 10.64 ± 2.68 | 11.76 ± 2.50 | 8.72 ± 2.46 | 7.11 ± 2.88 | <0.001 | ∗§¶#&† |
| Attention | 7.36 ± 0.94 | 7.68 ± 0.56 | 7.08 ± 1.04 | 5.87 ± 1.34 | <0.001 | ∗¶&† |
| Orientation | 17.64 ± 0.82 | 17.68 ± 1.41 | 17.24 ± 1.45 | 14.84 ± 4.27 | <0.001 | ∗¶&† |
| Executive function | ||||||
| Digit symbol coding | 10.21 ± 3.46 | 10.36 ± 2.93 | 8 ± 2.25 | 5 ± 2.17 | <0.001 | ∗§¶#&† |
| Similarity | 9.64 ± 2.91 | 11.08 ± 2.53 | 8.04 ± 3.02 | 6.68 ± 2.45 | <0.001 | ∗§¶#&† |
| Arithmetic | 10.11 ± 3.17 | 10.56 ± 2.52 | 7.48 ± 2.06 | 6.74 ± 1.54 | <0.001 | ∗§¶#& |
| Picture arrangement | 9.47 ± 3.69 | 10.32 ± 2.63 | 8.4 ± 2.84 | 6.88 ± 2.37 | <0.001 | ∗¶& |
| Matrix reasoning | 9.09 ± 3.23 | 10.96 ± 2.84 | 8.68 ± 2.48 | 6.29 ± 2.25 | <0.001 | ∗¶#&† |
| Abstract thinking | 9.26 ± 1.85 | 9.92 ± 1.18 | 8.72 ± 2.01 | 6.74 ± 2.27 | <0.001 | ∗¶&† |
| Memory function | ||||||
| Short-term memory | 9.12 ± 1.96 | 10.25 ± 1.64 | 9.15 ± 2.98 | 5.77 ± 2.90 | <0.001 | ∗¶&† |
| Long-term memory | 9.87 ± 0.49 | 10.00 ± 0.00 | 9.52 ± 1.045 | 8.79 ± 2.11 | 0.005 | ∗¶&† |
| Information | 9.72 ± 3.11 | 10.48 ± 2.35 | 9.04 ± 2.41 | 6.92 ± 1.89 | <0.001 | ∗¶&† |
| Speech and language | ||||||
| Vocabulary | 10.45 ± 3.35 | 11.84 ± 2.95 | 8.64 ± 3.03 | 6.32 ± 2.32 | <0.001 | ∗§¶#&† |
| Comprehension | 10.57 ± 3.20 | 11.24 ± 2.50 | 8.56 ± 3.01 | 6.25 ± 2.27 | <0.001 | ∗§¶#&† |
| Language | 9.83 ± 0.94 | 9.90 ± 0.29 | 9.60 ± 0.99 | 8.33 ± 1.39 | <0.001 | ∗¶&† |
| Visuospatial function | ||||||
| Picture completion | 9.36 ± 3.14 | 10.24 ± 2.39 | 8.28 ± 2.56 | 6.24 ± 2.47 | <0.001 | ∗¶#&† |
| Block design | 9.26 ± 3.14 | 10.16 ± 2.72 | 7.00 ± 2.24 | 6.18 ± 2.61 | <0.001 | ∗§¶#& |
| Drawing | 9.68 ± 1.12 | 9.76 ± 0.60 | 9.84 ± 0.47 | 8.07 ± 2.41 | <0.001 | ∗¶&† |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The cognitive function data were compared by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for age and sex with Bonferroni correction. p value represented the comparison amounts of the PDN, PD-MCI, and PDD patients and the normal control group. ∗Significant differences among groups; §Significant differences between NC and PD-MCI; ¶Significant differences between NC and PDD; #Significant differences between PDN and PD-MCI; &Significant differences between PDN and PDD; †Significant differences between PD-MCI and PDD.