Table 2.

Therapeutic potentials of MSC-derived exosomes in neurological disorders.

Diseases	Sources	Cargos/pathway	Doses	Mode of administration	Species	Results	Ref
SCI	BMMSCs	—	100 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	Angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation	[88]
SCI	BMMSCs	Wnt/β-catenin pathway	200 μg	Ten doses (three days apart),	Rats	Antiapoptosis	[89]
SCI	BMMSCs	NF-κB pathway	40 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	BSCB integrity	[91]
SCI	BMMSCs	NF-κB pathway	200 μg/40 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	Anti-inflammation	[92, 93]
SCI	hucMSCs	—	20/200 μg	Single dose, IV	Mice	Anti-inflammation	[95]
SCI	BMMSCs	miR-216a-5p	200 μg	Single dose, IV	Mice	Anti-inflammation	[97]
SCI	BMMSCs	miR-133b	100 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	Neurogenesis	[100]
SCI	BMMSCs	miR-126	100 μg	Seven doses (once daily), IV	Rats	Neurogenesis, angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis	[101].
SCI	BMMSCs	PTEN-siRNA	1.62 × 108 particles	Five doses (once daily), IN	Rats	Neurogenesis and angiogenesis	[102]
TBI	BMMSCs	—	30 μg	Single dose, retro-orbital injection	Mice	Anti-inflammation	[104]
TBI	AMSCs	LncMALAT1	100 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	Neurogenesis, antiapoptosis and anti-inflammation	[105]
TBI	BMMSCs	miR-216a-5p	100 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	Neurogenesis and anti-inflammation	[109]
Stroke	UMSCs	miR-26a	1 × 1011 particles	Single dose, IV	Rats	Neurogenesis	[111]
Stroke	AMSCs	miR-126	_	Single dose, IV	Rats	Neurogenesis, angiogenesis and anti-inflammation	[113].
Stroke	BMMSCs	miR-138-5p	—	—	Mice	Anti-inflammation	[114]
Stroke	BMMSCs	miR-133b	100 μg	Single dose, intra-arterial injection	Rats	Neurogenesis	[115, 116]
Stroke	BMMSCs	miR-17-92 cluster	100 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	Neurogenesis	[117]
Stroke	hucMSCs	CCR2	100 μg	Single dose, IV	Rats	Anti-inflammation	[120]
AD	hucMSCs	miR-223	2 μg	—	Cell model	Antiapoptosis	[128]
AD	hucMSCs	Neprilysin, IDE, HSP70, HSP90	12 μg/day	Fourteen consecutive days of Alzet minipump injection	Mice	Aβ peptides clearance and anti-inflammation	[129]
AD	MSCs	miR-21	150 μg	Five doses (two weeks apart), IV	Mice	Anti-inflammation	[130]
AD	BMMSCs	—	5 × 1011 particles	Four doses (monthly), IV	Mice	Aβ peptides clearance and anti-inflammation	[131]
PD	DPMSCs	—	—	—	Cell model	Antiapoptosis	[134]

SCI: spinal cord injury; TBI: traumatic brain injury; AD: Alzheimer's disease; PD: Parkinson's disease; BMMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; hucMSCs: human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; AMSCs: adipose mesenhymal stem cells; UMSCs: urine mesenchymal stem cells; DPMSCs: dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; PTEN-siRNA: phosphatase and tensin homolog small interfering RNA; LncMALAT1: long noncoding RNA MALAT1; CCR2: C-C chemokine receptor type 2; IDE: insulin-degrading enzyme; HSP: heat shock protein; IV: intravenous injection; IN: intranasal injection.