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. 2021 Feb 10;9(2):e24703. doi: 10.2196/24703

Table 2.

Study characteristics.

Author, year, reference Country Evaluation perioda Financing Participants Intervention Control Outcomes Instruments
Roepke et al, 2015 [35] United States 6 weeks Private 283 participants (93 control, 190 intervention) who owned an iPhone and had a CES-Db score >16, aged >18 years Intervention 1:
Superbetter CBTc app;
Intervention 2:
general Superbetter self-esteem and acceptance app		 Waitlist

  • Depression

  • Anxiety

  • Life satisfaction

  • Self-efficacy

  • Social support

  • Technology use

  • Treatment strategies

  • Daily functioning

  • CES-D

  • GAD-7d

  • SWLSe

  • NGSEf

  • MSPSSg
Ly et al, 2015 [37] Sweden 24 weeks State 93 participants (47 control, 46 intervention) who owned a smartphone and had a PHQh score of ≥5, aged >18 years 4 face-to-face sessions and apps between the sessions, with behavioral activation components 10 face-to-face behavioral activation sessions

  • Depression

  • Anxiety

  • Quality of life

  • Psychological flexibility

  • BDI-IIi

  • PHQ-9

  • BAIj

  • QOLIk

  • AAQ-IIl
Arean et al, 2016 [16] United States 12 weeks State 626 participants (206 control, 420 intervention) who owned a smartphone and had a PHQ-9 score of >5, aged >18 years Intervention 1:
cognitive training app (EVO);
Intervention 2:
evidence-based psychotherapy app (iPST)		 Health tips

  • Depression

  • Disability

  • PHQ-9

  • SDSm
Bakker et al, 2018 [39] Australia 4 weeks Not specified 312 participants (78 control, 234 intervention) Intervention 1:
MoodPrism self-monitoring mood tracking app;
Intervention 2:
MoodMission app for recommendation of CBT strategies; intervention 3: MoodKit CBT-based app		 Waitlist

  • Depression

  • Anxiety

  • Well-being

  • Emotional self-awareness

  • Coping self-efficacy

  • Mental health literacy

  • PHQ-9

  • GAD-7

  • WEMWBSn

  • ESAS-Ro

  • CSESp

  • MHLQq
Hur et al, 2018 [38] South Korea 3 weeks State 48 participants (24 control, 24 intervention) Todac scenario-based mobile app Mood charting app

  • Dysfunctionality

  • Depression

  • Anxiety

  • Self-esteem

  • Quality of life

  • DASr

  • BDI-II

  • STAI-X2s

  • RSESt

  • QOLu
Lüdtke et al, 2018 [36] Germany 4 weeks Not specified 90 participants (45 control, 45 intervention) who owned an iPhone, aged >18 years Be Good to yourself self-help CBT app Wailtlist

  • Depression

  • Self-Esteem

  • Quality of life

  • Willingness to change

  • Client satisfaction

  • PHQ-9

  • RSES

  • WHOQOLv

  • URICAw

  • CSQ-8x
Dahne et al, 2019 [33] United States 8 weeks State 52 participants (28 control, 24 intervention) who owned a smartphone and had a PHQ-8 score of >10 Moodivate self-help behavioral activation app Control 1: MoodKit CBT app; control 2: TAUy

  • Depression

  • Feasibility

  • PHQ-8

  • BDI-II
Stiles-Shields et al, 2019 [34] United States 10 weeks State 30 participants (10 control, 20 intervention) Intervention 1:
Boost Me behavioral activation app
Intervention 2:
Thought Challenger cognitive therapy app		 Waitlist

  • Depression

  • App usability

  • PHQ-9

  • SUSz

aFollow-Up Assessment included.

bCES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

cCBT: cognitive behavioral therapy.

dGAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

eSWLS: Satisfaction with Life Scale.

fNGSE: New General Self-Efficacy Scale.

gMSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.

hPHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire.

iBDI: Beck Depression Inventory.

jBAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.

kQOLI: Quality of Life Inventory.

lAAQ-II: Acceptance and Action Questionnaire.

mSDS: Sheehan Disability Scale.

nWEMWBS: Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale.

oESAS-R: Emotional Self-Awareness Scale-Revised.

pCSES: Coping Self-Efficacy Scale.

qMHLQ: Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire.

rDAS: Dysfunctional Attitude Scale.

sSTAI: Stat-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

tRSES: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

uQOL: Quality of Life.

vWHOQOL: World Health Quality of Life.

wURICA: University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale.

xCSQ: Client Satisfaction Questionnaire.

yTAU: treatment as usual.

zSUS: System Usability Scale.