Table 2.

Summarizing the possible issues regarding the use of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with diabetes mellitus. COVID-19: Novel coronavirus disease, SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2.

Which vaccine is to be preferred?

How effective would the COVID-19 vaccines be in the real world?

How durable would the protection be in the real world?

Would COVID-19 vaccination need to be repeated semi-annually or annually?

Would COVID-19 vaccination be justified in a child or adolescent (<16 years) with diabetes mellitus?

Are COVID-19 vaccines safe in pregnant or lactating women with diabetes mellitus?

Would complications in patients with longstanding diabetes mellitus (like chronic kidney disease) affect vaccine efficacy and/or durability?

Could COVID-19 vaccines be administered in the presence of active infections which are otherwise common in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Could anti-diabetic drugs modulate the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines?

Would serious adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination be more frequent?

Would vaccination with the currently available COVID-19 vaccines be less effective in view of the rapid development of new strains of the SARS-CoV-2?

Could mixing of COVID-19 vaccines boost immune response?