Table 1.

Advantages and drawbacks of cell products used for peripheral artery disease

Cell therapy types	Advantages	Drawbacks
Bone-Marrow derived Mononuclear Cells (BMMNC)	- Most widely researched cell product for PAD. - Several meta-analyses showed improvement in ABI, TcPO2, pain scores, and ulcer healing in BMMNC treated patients (90–92). - Availability of long term safety result (3 years) (109).	Risk and complications during bone marrow aspiration.
Peripheral Blood derived Mononuclear Cells (PBMNC)	- Head-to-head comparison with BMMNC showed similar benefits (65). - Recent meta-analysis showed PBMNC, but not BMMNC are able to reduce risk of major amputation and improve ulcer healing (88). - Availability of long term safety result (1 year) (101).	- Risk and complications during G-CSF/GM-CSF administration (105). - Efficacy of stem cells mobilizations are significantly influenced by race, ethnics, and disease status (62).
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)	- Promising result from preclinical and clinical studies. - Able to be isolated and expanded to achieve consistentand desirable dose. - Allow larger-scale manufacturing with good quality control to produce an ‘off the-shelf’ cellular products. - Possibility of allogeneic therapy due to its non or low-antigenic properties.	- Risk and complications during bone marrow aspiration (in BMMSC). - Reports of potential role of MSC in tumor development. - High variability of cell products between protocols and research facility. - Relatively more expensive.