(A) Representative Western blot analysis of CD3, CD68 and GAPDH immunoreactivity in control vein or AVF (day 7). Bar graph shows relative densitometry of CD3 (n=3, *P=0.0126 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) and CD68 (n=3, *P=0.0072 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)). (B) Representative photomicrographs showing control vein or AVF (day 7) stained with anti-CD3 or anti-CD68 antibody. Scale bar, 25 μm. Arrowheads show representative CD3- or CD68-positive cells. Bar graphs show quantification of CD3+ cells (n=3, *P<0.0001 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) or CD68+ cells (n=3, *P=0.0007 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) in the AVF. HPF, high power field. (C) Bar graphs show relative number of CD3 (n=3, *P=0.0021 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) or CD68 (n=3, *P=0.0144 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) mRNA transcripts in the control vein or AVF (day 7). (D) Representative photomicrographs of control vein or AVF (day 7) stained with anti-IL-2 or anti-IFN-γ antibody. Bar graphs show quantification of IL-2+ cells (n=3, *P=0.0029 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) or IFN-γ+ cells (n=3, *P=0.0037 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) in IVC wall. (E) Representative photomicrographs showing the cytokine array examining lysates of control vein or AVF (day 7). Marked cytokines have significant differences between control and AVF. Red, MCP-1; blue, TGF-β; green, IFN-γ; black, LIX1. (F) Representative photomicrographs showing control vein or AVF (day 7) stained with anti-TGF-β1, anti-MCP-1 or anti-LIX antibody. Bar graphs show quantification of TGF-β+ cells (n=3, *P=0.0054 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)), MCP-1+ cells (n=3, *P=0.0109 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) or LIX1+ cells (n=3, *P=0.0002 (t-test), P=0.1000 (Mann-Whitney U test)) in the control vein or AVF.