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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4510. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83586-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human Footprint in 2017 within and around 43 terrestrial national parks (NPs) in 7 bioregions in Indonesia: (a) Sumatra, (b) Kalimantan, (c) Sulawesi, (d) Maluku and Papua, (e) Jawa and Bali, and (f) Nusa Tenggara. Activity data maps of Indonesian NPs (land cover maps, roads, river and settlements) used in the Human Footprint analysis in this study were obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry³², and Binamarga³³. National Parks boundaries were obtained from The World Database on Protected Areas (https://www.protectedplanet.net/en). The Human Footprint maps were created using Esri ArcMap 10.8 (https://www.arcgis.com).