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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4410. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83817-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-course of sleep architecture and timing of sleep cycles. (A) Sleep architecture of the 9 participants for the control (upper panel) and exercise trials (bottom panel). Percentage of participants in stage W (wakefulness; black), stage N1 (gray), stage N2 (light blue), SWS (dark blue), and stage REM (red) changed with the sleep time. B and C: Latencies of SWS and REM sleep evaluated as time after beginning of sleep cycle (B) and as time after sleep onset (C) are shown. Latency of sleep stage transition in each sleep cycle is shown with black and red box-whisker plots for control and exercise trials, respectively. * and † represent statistically significant differences between the control trial and exercise trial by a paired t-test (*p < 0.05; ^†p < 0.1).