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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4410. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83817-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-Course of δ-Power of the non-REM Sleep EEG & Relative Occurrence of δ-Power in Each non-REM stage. (A) The 30-min means ± SE of δ-power of the 9 participants are shown as a line graph and accumulated δ-power during non-REM is shown as a bar graph. *Represents a statistically significant difference between the control trial and exercise trial by post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). (B–D) Relative occurrences of δ-power in N1 (B), N2 (C), and SWS (D) stages are shown. Inserted bar graphs in each panel represent mean δ-power in each non-REM stage. Black plots (filled black circle) and bars (filled black square) represent control trials, and red plots (filled red circle) and bars (filled red square) represent exercise trials. ^§Represents a statistically significant difference between control trial and exercise trial by a paired t-test (^§p < 0.05).