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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4410. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83817-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Envelope analysis. (A) Time-course of the CVE during the entire sleep. The 30-min means ± SE of the CVE are shown for the control trial (filled black circle) and exercise trial (filled red circle). (B) Mean CVE during the first half and second half of sleep are shown. Mean CVE is shown for the control trial (open black square) and exercise trial (open red square). Dotted lines connect the same participants. *Represents a significant difference between the control trial and exercise trial by a paired t-test (*p < 0.05). Note that the CVE values did not differ significantly between control and exercise in the last hour of sleep. CVE values were most likely affected by the very low δ power values during this time.