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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4496. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83764-2

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell surface architecture of three autolyzed yeast species (50 °C for 16 h) grown on sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The pictures show Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM; a–c), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM; d–f), Confocal microscopy (stained with concanavalin A-FITC for mannan) (g–i) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM; height) (j–l) micrographs of Cyberlindnera jadinii (panel A), Blastobotrys adeninivorans (panel B) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (panel C). The SEM and TEM micrographs were taken on yeast creams (before drying), whereas the confocal and AFM micrographs were taken on dried yeast samples, as described in the ‘Material and Methods’. The dotted squares on the AFM height micrographs represent the spots where mapping was done for determination of the Young modulus and measurement of adhesion events, as described in ‘Material and Methods’.