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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4427. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84052-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Treatment with corticosterone (CORT) or constant exposure to nonlethal predators increased the ability of wood frog tadpoles to escape predator attack. Shown are boxplots (median and interquartile range) of percentage of Anax attacks from which tadpoles successfully escaped in each treatment combination (n = 4 replicates) on Day 0 (a), Day 4 (b), and Day 8 (c). NA indicates a treatment in which no data were recorded due to technical problems. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the No predator/No hormone treatment (P < 0.05).