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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81607-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The length of F1 1st instar larvae in the control and nicotine-exposed groups. (a,b) Stereomicroscope image of the 1st instar larvae from the control (a) and maternal nicotine-treated (b) groups analysed using the image software cellSens (yellow line represents the measurement of the body length) (c) Quantification of the length (μm) of 1st instar larvae from maternal nicotine-treated (gray) and control (blue) groups. Values are mean + /-SEM, unpaired t-test, **p < 0.01, n = 3 independent experiments. Bar represents 500 μm.