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. 2021 Feb 24;11:4468. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83614-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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One example of a dog whine containing several types of non-linear phenomena. f₀ label identifies whines with the lower fundamental frequency, while g₀ the high secondary fundamental frequency (whistle whine or squeak in other nomenclatures). The co-occurrence of these two marked as biphonation which was not counted as NLP in the current analysis, while other type of NLP (deterministic chaos; subharmonics; frequency jump) were included. (The figure is the work of the first author).