FIGURE 11.

Combined NADPH and Mito-apocynin further increases GSH levels and inhibited autophagy. Animals were pre-treated with Mito-apocynin (3 mg/kg, i.g) and/or NADPH (2.5 mg/kg, i.v) prior to KA (0.625 nmol) injection. (A) They were sacrificed 12 h later for determination of GSH. (B,C) They were sacrificed 3 h later. Representative bands and semi-quantitation of western blots for detecting LC3 protein levels. (D,E) They were sacrificed 12 h later. Representative bands and semi-quantitation of western blots for detecting SQSTM1/p62 protein levels. Data are expressed as the Mean ± SEM. (n = 5. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs control; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, and ^###P < 0.001 vs KA; ^&P < 0.05, KA + NADPH vs KA + NADPH + Mito-apocynin, one-way ANOVA, followed by a post hoc multiple comparison Student-Newman–Keuls test).