Table 2.

Demographics and visual measurements between two groups.

	DR group	HC group	T-values	P-values
Gender (male/female)	18/16	15/23	N/A	N/A
Age (years)	53.52 ± 8.67	47.10 ± 13.83	2.329	0.023
Handedness	34 R	38 R	N/A	N/A
BMI (kg/m2)	23.76 ± 2.33	23.02 ± 1.91	1.488	0.141
Duration of diabetes (years)	5.02 ± 6.67	N/A	N/A	N/A
BCVA-OD	0.48 ± 0.28	1.36 ± 0.15	−16.454	<0.001
BCVA-OS	0.41 ± 0.31	1.14 ± 0.20	−16.454	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.34 ± 1.34	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	7.87 ± 2.54	N/A	N/A	N/A
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.22 ± 0.60	N/A	N/A	N/A
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.11 ± 0.28	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.91 ± 1.38	N/A	N/A	N/A
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	3.69 ± 1.22	N/A	N/A	N/A
MoCA	24.97 ± 0.72	27.03 ± 0.82	−11.250	<0.001

χ²-test for sex (n). Independent t-test for the other normally distributed continuous data (means ± SD). DR, diabetic retinopathy; HC, health control; N/A, not applicable; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; OD, oculus dexter; OS, oculus sinister; Hb, glycosylated hemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein.