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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 10.
Published in final edited form as: J Control Release. 2020 Oct 24;329:1222–1230. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.049

Figure 1. Endocytic pathways and macropinocytosis-mediated activation of mTOR signaling.

Figure 1.

NP enter cells via multiple mechanisms of endocytosis, including phagocytosis, clathrin-mediated, caveolin-mediated, or macropinocytosis. PI3K is recruited to enhance PI (4,5) P2 conversion to PIP3 which accumulate in macropinocytic cups. Ruffles and early macropinosomes are active sites for Akt signaling, resulting in direct Rheb activation on the lysosomal surface. Formation of complete macropinosomes relies on Ras. As the central regulator of cell growth, mTORC1 is then activated by Rheb.