Figure 7.

The use of mitochondrial targeted tricatechol iron chelator for skin photoprotection. (A) The structure of the chelator (compound 2). (B) Microscopy analysis of the subcellular localization of compound 2 tagged with a fluorescent unit (a) Phase contrast; (b) Compound 2 with the fluorescent unit; (c) Mitochondria stained with mito tracker (d) Merged data. Scale bar = 10 μm; (C) Compound 2 protects FEK4 cells from UVA-induced cell death (a) Bright-field images were captured 24 h after treatment. Swelling (arrow in insert) is indicative of cell death by necrosis and is visible after UVA treatment alone or in the combination of compound 2-Fe. Scale bar = 50 μm; (b) Cells analyzed by flow cytometry. Live cells are defined as Annexin V-negative/PI-negative (lower left-hand quadrant). (D) Compound 2 significantly reduces UVA-induced damage to mitochondria membrane (a) Bar chart of the results of TMRM staining experiment; (b) FEK4 cells were pre-treated with either compound 2 alone or as a complex with iron. Data are means ± SD, n = 3-5. TMRM, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester; UVA, ultraviolet A. Adapted with permission under the terms of CC BY 4.0 license (Reelfs et al., 2016). Copyright 2016, The Authors. Published by Elsevier.