Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data and early treatment comparison for patients with normal vs abnormal LVEF; patients with normal longitudinal and circumferential peak systolic strain vs patients with abnormal circumferential peak systolic strain and/or longitudinal peak systolic strain
| All (n = 25) | Normal LVEF (n = 15) | Abnormal LVEF (n = 10) | P | Normal strain (n = 13) | Abnormal strain (n = 12) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 11.4 [7.5,1 6] | 12 [10, 16.4] | 8.2 [2.2, 14] | 0.09 | 13.3 [8, 17] | 10.4 [5.8, 13] | 0.19 |
| Male Sex | 14 (56) | 8 (53) | 6 (60) | 0.74 | 7 (54) | 7 (58) | 0.57 |
| Ethnicity | 0.67 | 0.35 | |||||
| White, Non-Hispanic | 2 (8) | 1 (7) | 1 (10) | 1 (8) | 1 (8) | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 15 (60) | 10 (67) | 5 (50) | 7 (54) | 8 (67) | ||
| Black | 5 (20) | 1 (7) | 4 (40) | 2 (15) | 3 (25) | ||
| Asian | 3 (12) | 3 (20) | 0 (0) | 3 (23) | 0 (0) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 [17.5, 28] | 22 [17.5, 28.7] | 22.2 [20.2, 26] | 0.97 | 22.3 [17.5, 27] | 22.7 [17.2, 30] | 0.63 |
| BMI (%ile) | 87 [31, 98] | 87 [25, 97.9] | 71.3 [43.4, 96.8] | 0.89 | 63 [31, 92] | 89.2 [35.4, 99] | 0.50 |
| Overweight/obese | 13 (52) | 8 (53) | 5 (50) | 0.87 | 6 (46) | 7 (58) | 0.42 |
| Pre-existing condition | 7 (28) | 4 (27) | 3 (30) | 0.86 | 3 (23) | 4 (33) | 0.45 |
| Total days of fever | 6 [4.5, 8] | 6 [4.3, 6] | 7 [5, 8] | 0.40 | 6 [4.5, 6] | 7 [5, 8] | 0.49 |
| Organ system involvement | |||||||
| Hypotension/shock | 10 (40) | 4 (27) | 6 (60) | 0.10 | 3 (23) | 7 (58) | 0.07 |
| Cardiac | 17 (68) | 9 (60) | 8 (80) | 0.29 | 8 (62) | 9 (75) | 0.47 |
| Renal | 1 (4) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | -- | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0.33 |
| Respiratory | 9 (36) | 4 (27) | 5 (50) | 0.23 | 3 (23) | 6 (50) | 0.16 |
| Hematologic | 20 (80) | 11 (73) | 9 (90) | 0.31 | 9 (69) | 11 (92) | 0.19 |
| Gastrointestinal | 17 (68) | 11 (73) | 6 (60) | 0.48 | 7 (54) | 10 (83) | 0.20 |
| Dermatologic | 13 (52) | 7 (47) | 6 (60) | 0.51 | 5 (38) | 8 (67) | 0.24 |
| Neurologic | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | -- | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0.29 |
| Total systems | 3 [3, 4] | 3 [2, 4] | 4 [3, 5] | 0.06 | 3 [2, 3] | 4 [3, 4] | < 0.01 |
| COVID testing & diagnosis | |||||||
| PCR+ | 12 (48) | 6 (40) | 6 (60) | 0.32 | 7 (54) | 6 (50) | 0.58 |
| Serology+ | 14 (56) | 9 (60) | 5 (50) | 0.62 | 6 (46) | 8 (67) | 0.43 |
| COVID+ exposure | 4 (16) | 2 (13) | 2 (20) | 0.66 | 2 (15) | 2 (17) | 0.93 |
| Length of hospitalization | 7 [3, 12] | 5 [3, 13] | 9 [6, 10] | 0.41 | 5 [2, 12] | 8 [6, 11] | 0.18 |
| ICU admission | 12 (48) | 5 (33) | 7 (70) | 0.07 | 4 (31) | 8 (67) | 0.73 |
| Inotropic support | 6 (24) | 1 (7) | 5 (50) | 0.01 | 1 (8) | 5 (42) | 0.05 |
| Positive pressure ventilation | 5 (20) | 2 (13) | 3 (30) | 0.31 | 1 (8) | 4 (33) | 0.16 |
| Intubation | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | -- | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0.29 |
| AV block on telemetry | 4 (16) | 1 (7) | 3 (30) | 0.12 | 1 (8) | 3 (25) | 0.32 |
| Laboratories | |||||||
| Troponin T (ng/mL) | 0.01 [0.01, 0.04] | 0.01 [0.01, 0.01] | 0.06 [0.03, 0.14] | 0.01 | 0.01 [0.01, 0.03] | 1.1 [0.01, 0.06] | 0.79 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 101 [10, 346] | 10 [10, 118] | 395 [105, 786] | 0.01 | 88.5 [10,112] | 297 [78, 730] | 0.04 |
| WBC (cells/μL) | 9.9 [7, 13] | 8 [6.3, 11.3] | 10.1 [9.2, 13.9] | 0.17 | 9.8 [7.4, 11] | 10.1 [6.9, 14.9] | 0.57 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.5 [10.4, 12] | 12 [11.5, 12.3] | 11.1 [8.9, 11.9] | 0.22 | 12.3 [11.4, 14] | 11.4 [9.4, 11.8] | 0.07 |
| Laboratories | |||||||
| Platelets (cells/μL) | 189 [130, 246] | 194 [129, 271] | 165 [136, 203] | 0.70 | 220 [140, 293] | 155 [129, 200] | 0.32 |
| ANC (cells/μL) | 7.1 [5.3, 9] | 6.5 [4.9, 9.2] | 8.4 [6.1, 11.3] | 0.29 | 6.5 [5.3, 9] | 8.4 [5.5, 12] | 0.25 |
| ALC (cells/μL) | 1 [0.63, 2] | 0.8 [0.7, 1.5] | 1.2 [0.7, 1.8] | 0.58 | 1.2 [0.7, 2] | 0.9 [0.6, 1.3] | 0.25 |
| ESR (mm/hr) | 45 [25, 72] | 50 [26, 58] | 45 [28, 81] | 0.75 | 56 [18, 59] | 44 [30, 82] | 0.83 |
| CRP (mg/mL) | 13.1 [8.8, 18] | 13.1 [9.1, 16.7] | 14.8 [6.1, 24.9] | 0.78 | 13 [5.2, 16] | 16.9 [9.3, 24] | 0.21 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 1.2 [0.4, 9] | 0.7 [0.2, 1.8] | 10.8 [6.4, 17.9] | 0.01 | 0.7 [0.1, 2] | 3.7 [1.1, 12.3] | 0.05 |
| Interleukin 6 (pg/mL) | 9.5 [2.9, 19] | 3.5 [2, 5.8] | 32.7 [14.8, 57] | 0.01 | 4.7 [2, 5] | 12.6 [8, 44] | 0.08 |
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 2.7 [1.5, 3] | 2.4 [1.4, 3.3] | 2.8 [1.9, 3.3] | 0.64 | 1.7 [1.3, 3] | 3.1 [2.3, 5] | 0.08 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 537 [240, 1475] | 537 [239, 1473] | 708 [247, 1410] | 0.87 | 345 [236, 1471] | 1094 [259, 1630] | 0.47 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.6 [3, 4] | 3.8 [3.6, 4] | 3.1 [2.8, 3.3] | 0.01 | 3.7 [3.6, 4] | 3.1 [2.8, 3.6] | 0.06 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.5 [0.4, 1] | 0.5 [0.4, 0.7] | 0.5 [0.4, 0.8] | 0.96 | 0.5 [0.4, 1] | 0.6 [0.4, 0.9] | 0.94 |
| ALT (unit/L) | 40 [23, 61] | 41 [23, 60] | 31 [24, 62] | 0.98 | 37 [21, 42] | 49 [26, 61] | 0.50 |
| Treatment | |||||||
| IVIg | 19 (76%) | 10 (67%) | 9 (90%) | 0.18 | 7 (54%) | 12 (100%) | < 0.01 |
| Steroids | 15 (60%) | 8 (53%) | 7 (70%) | 0.40 | 5 (38%) | 10 (83%) | 0.02 |
| Anakinra | 5 (20%) | 3 (20%) | 2 (20%) | 0.99 | 3 (23%) | 2 (17%) | 0.69 |
| Remdesivir | 7 (28%) | 3 (20%) | 4 (40%) | 0.28 | 3 (23%) | 4 (33%) | 0.57 |
| Aspirin | 16 (64%) | 8 (53%) | 8 (80%) | 0.17 | 7 (54%) | 9 (75%) | 0.27 |
| Enoxaparin | 16 (64%) | 9 (60%) | 7 (70%) | 0.61 | 7 (54%) | 9 (75%) | 0.27 |
| Apixaban | 10 (40%) | 5 (33%) | 5 (50%) | 0.40 | 4 (31%) | 6 (50%) | 0.33 |
Values are number (percent) or median [interquartile range]. Bold values indicate P ≤ 0.05.
ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; ALT, alanine transaminase; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; AV, atrioventricular; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ICU, intensive care unit; IVIg, intravaneous immunoglobulin; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; WBC, white blood cell count.