GLP-1 improved aerobic glycolysis and alleviated oxidative stress in the cortices of the 5 × FAD mice. (A–D) Evaluation of cortex glycolytic levels in the three groups, including the relative expression of glycolytic enzymes by Western blotting (A); glycolytic products of lactates (B) and NAD+ (C and D). (E–H) Evaluation of cortex oxidative phosphorylation levels in the three groups, including the relative expression of PDK2 and PDH (E); contents of ROS (F), GSH (G), and ATP (H) in the cortices. (I) Relative expression of cortex PI3K and Akt by Western blotting. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 3/group. ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, WT vs AD group; #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001, AD vs AD + Lira group.